深入探讨5种单例模式

一、对比总览

以下是不同单例模式实现方式的特性对比表格。表格从线程安全性、延迟加载、实现复杂度、反序列化安全性、防反射攻击性等多个方面进行考量。

特性	饿汉式	饱汉式	饱汉式-双检锁	静态内部类	枚举单例（推荐）
线程安全性	√	×	√	√	√
延迟加载	×	√	√	√	×
实现复杂度	√	√	×	√	√
反序列化安全性	×	×	×	×	√
防反射攻击性	×	×	×	×	√

详细解释

1. 线程安全性：

   • 饿汉式：类加载时即创建实例（因为instance是static），线程安全。
   • 饱汉式：未使用同步机制，线程不安全。
   • 饱汉式-双检锁：使用同步块和双重检查锁，线程安全。
   • 静态内部类：通过类加载机制，线程安全。
   • 枚举单例：JVM确保线程安全。

2. 延迟加载：

   • 饿汉式：类加载时即创建实例，不具备延迟加载。
   • 饱汉式：实例在首次使用时创建，具备延迟加载。
   • 饱汉式-双检锁：实例在首次使用时创建，具备延迟加载。
   • 静态内部类：实例在首次使用时创建（因为静态内部类只有在使用时才会加载），具备延迟加载。
   • 枚举单例：类加载时即创建实例，不具备延迟加载。

3. 实现复杂度：

   • 饿汉式：实现简单。
   • 饱汉式：实现简单。
   • 饱汉式-双检锁：实现相对复杂。
   • 静态内部类：实现简单。
   • 枚举单例：实现简单。

4. 反序列化安全性：

   • 饿汉式、饱汉式、饱汉式-双检锁、静态内部类：需要实现 readResolve 方法以防止反序列化创建新实例。
   • 枚举单例：天然防止反序列化创建新实例，JVM保证。

5. 防反射攻击性：

   • 饿汉式、饱汉式、饱汉式-双检锁、静态内部类：可能通过反射创建新实例。
   • 枚举单例：防止反射攻击，创建新实例时抛出 IllegalArgumentException。

二、代码

1. 饿汉式

public class OrderManager1 {@Getter@Setterprivate Map<String, TradeOrder> orders = new HashMap<>();@Getterprivate static final OrderManager1 instance = new OrderManager1();/*** 添加订单** @param order 顺序*/public void addOrder(TradeOrder order) {orders.put(order.getId(), order);}/*** 获取订单** @param orderId 订单id* @return {@link TradeOrder}*/public TradeOrder getOrder(String orderId) {return orders.get(orderId);}
}

2. 饱汉式

public class OrderManager2 {@Getter@Setterprivate Map<String, TradeOrder> orders = new HashMap<>();private static OrderManager2 instance;public static OrderManager2 getInstance(){if (instance == null){instance = new OrderManager2();}return instance;}/*** 添加订单** @param order 顺序*/public void addOrder(TradeOrder order) {orders.put(order.getId(), order);}/*** 获取订单** @param orderId 订单id* @return {@link TradeOrder}*/public TradeOrder getOrder(String orderId) {return orders.get(orderId);}
}

3. 饱汉式-双检锁

public class OrderManager3 {@Getter@Setterprivate Map<String, TradeOrder> orders = new HashMap<>();private static OrderManager3 instance;public static OrderManager3 getInstance(){if (instance == null){synchronized (OrderManager3.class){if (instance == null){instance = new OrderManager3();}}instance = new OrderManager3();}return instance;}/*** 添加订单** @param order 顺序*/public void addOrder(TradeOrder order) {orders.put(order.getId(), order);}/*** 获取订单** @param orderId 订单id* @return {@link TradeOrder}*/public TradeOrder getOrder(String orderId) {return orders.get(orderId);}
}

4. 静态内部类

public class OrderManager4 {@Getter@Setterprivate Map<String, TradeOrder> orders = new HashMap<>();private static class SingletonHelper{private static final OrderManager4 INSTANCE = new OrderManager4();}public static OrderManager4 getInstance(){return SingletonHelper.INSTANCE;}/*** 添加订单** @param order 顺序*/public void addOrder(TradeOrder order) {orders.put(order.getId(), order);}/*** 获取订单** @param orderId 订单id* @return {@link TradeOrder}*/public TradeOrder getOrder(String orderId) {return orders.get(orderId);}
}

5. 枚举单例

public enum OrderManager5 {INSTANCE;@Getter@Setterprivate Map<String, TradeOrder> orders = new HashMap<>();/*** 添加订单** @param order 顺序*/public void addOrder(TradeOrder order) {orders.put(order.getId(), order);}/*** 获取订单** @param orderId 订单id* @return {@link TradeOrder}*/public TradeOrder getOrder(String orderId) {return orders.get(orderId);}
}

三、性能对比

package org.dragon.singleton;import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.function.Supplier;@Slf4j
public class SingletonPerformanceTest {static long timeout = 20; // 超时时间，单位为秒static int testIterations = 10_000_000; // 测试次数static int threadCount = 1000; // 并发线程数static Map<String, HashMap<String, Long>> result = new HashMap<>();public static void main(String[] args) {/** 多次调用，结果是最后一次调用存入。为什么多次调用，因为单次test不准确，总是靠前的OrderManager跑的快，可能是因为Java某些机制导致的* 所以多次调用，逐渐平稳。* */firstCreationTest();mulAccessTest();mulAccessTest();mulAccessTest();ConcurrentAccessTest();ConcurrentAccessTest();printRes();ConcurrentAccessTest();printRes();ConcurrentAccessTest();printRes();}/*** 打印结果*/private static void printRes(){ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();names.add(OrderManager1.class.getSimpleName());names.add(OrderManager2.class.getSimpleName());names.add(OrderManager3.class.getSimpleName());names.add(OrderManager4.class.getSimpleName());names.add(OrderManager5.class.getSimpleName());// 表头System.out.printf("%-20s%-20s%-25s%-25s%-20s%n", "Singleton Type", "First Creation (ms)", "Multiple Access (ms)", "Concurrent Access (ms)", "Memory Used (MB)");System.out.println("---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------");for (String name : names) {// 打印结果，转换时间为毫秒System.out.printf("%-20s%-20.3f%-25.3f%-25.3f%-20.3f%n", name, result.get(name).get("firstCreation") / 1_000_000.0, result.get(name).get("mulAccess") / 1_000_000.0, result.get(name).get("ConcurrentAccess") / 1_000_000.0, 0 / (1024.0 * 1024.0));}}/*** 首次创建测试*/private static void firstCreationTest(){List<Runnable> tests = new ArrayList<>();tests.add(()->firstCreation(OrderManager1::getInstance));tests.add(()->firstCreation(OrderManager2::getInstance));tests.add(()->firstCreation(OrderManager3::getInstance));tests.add(()->firstCreation(OrderManager4::getInstance));tests.add(()->firstCreation(() -> OrderManager5.INSTANCE));// 随机化测试顺序Collections.shuffle(tests);//runfor (Runnable test : tests) {test.run();log.info("Complete one test");try {Thread.sleep(200);} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}}/*** 多次访问测试*/private static void mulAccessTest(){List<Runnable> tests = new ArrayList<>();tests.add(()->mulAccess(OrderManager1::getInstance, testIterations));tests.add(()->mulAccess(OrderManager2::getInstance, testIterations));tests.add(()->mulAccess(OrderManager3::getInstance, testIterations));tests.add(()->mulAccess(OrderManager4::getInstance, testIterations));tests.add(()->mulAccess(() -> OrderManager5.INSTANCE, testIterations));// 随机化测试顺序Collections.shuffle(tests);//runfor (Runnable test : tests) {test.run();log.info("Complete one test");try {Thread.sleep(200);} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}}/*** 多线程访问测试*/private static void ConcurrentAccessTest(){List<Runnable> tests = new ArrayList<>();tests.add(()->ConcurrentAccess(OrderManager1::getInstance, testIterations, threadCount));tests.add(()->ConcurrentAccess(OrderManager2::getInstance, testIterations, threadCount));tests.add(()->ConcurrentAccess(OrderManager3::getInstance, testIterations, threadCount));tests.add(()->ConcurrentAccess(OrderManager4::getInstance, testIterations, threadCount));tests.add(()->ConcurrentAccess(() -> OrderManager5.INSTANCE, testIterations, threadCount));// 随机化测试顺序Collections.shuffle(tests);//runfor (Runnable test : tests) {test.run();log.info("Complete one test");try {Thread.sleep(200);} catch (InterruptedException e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}}}/*** 首次创建** @param singletonSupplier 单一供应商* @return long ns*/private static <T> long firstCreation(Supplier<T> singletonSupplier){// 测试首次创建时间long startTime = System.nanoTime();T instance = singletonSupplier.get();long endTime = System.nanoTime();long resTime = endTime - startTime;//save resString simpleName = instance.getClass().getSimpleName();HashMap<String, Long> resMap = result.computeIfAbsent(simpleName, k->new HashMap<>());resMap.put("firstCreation", resTime);return resTime;}/*** 多次访问** @param singletonSupplier 单一供应商* @param iterations        迭代* @return long ns*/private static <T> long mulAccess(Supplier<T> singletonSupplier, int iterations){//预热for (int i = 0; i < 100_000; i++) {T instance = singletonSupplier.get();}//计算long startTime = System.nanoTime();for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {T instance = singletonSupplier.get();}long endTime = System.nanoTime();long resTime = endTime - startTime;//save resString simpleName = singletonSupplier.get().getClass().getSimpleName();HashMap<String, Long> resMap = result.computeIfAbsent(simpleName, k->new HashMap<>());resMap.put("mulAccess", resTime);return resTime;}/*** 并发访问** @param singletonSupplier 单一供应商* @param iterations        迭代* @param threadCount       线程数* @return long ns*/private static <T> long ConcurrentAccess(Supplier<T> singletonSupplier, int iterations, int threadCount){ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(100);//预热CountDownLatch latch1 = new CountDownLatch(100);for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) {executorService.submit(() -> {for (int j = 0; j < 100_000; j++) {T instance = singletonSupplier.get();}latch1.countDown();});}try {boolean completed = latch1.await(timeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS);if (!completed) {System.out.println("Concurrent access test for 预热" + singletonSupplier.get().getClass().getSimpleName() + " timed out!");}} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}//计算CountDownLatch latch2 = new CountDownLatch(threadCount);long startTime = System.nanoTime();for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) {executorService.submit(() -> {for (int j = 0; j < iterations; j++) {T instance = singletonSupplier.get();}latch2.countDown();});}try {boolean completed = latch2.await(timeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS);if (!completed) {System.out.println("Concurrent access test for " + singletonSupplier.getClass().getSimpleName() + " timed out!");}} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}long endTime = System.nanoTime();long concurrentAccessTime = endTime - startTime;executorService.shutdown();//save resString simpleName = singletonSupplier.get().getClass().getSimpleName();HashMap<String, Long> resMap = result.computeIfAbsent(simpleName, k->new HashMap<>());resMap.put("ConcurrentAccess", concurrentAccessTime);return concurrentAccessTime;}
}

结果输出如下

[17:15:54.519] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 73 firstCreationTest - Complete one test
[17:15:54.730] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 73 firstCreationTest - Complete one test
[17:15:54.936] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 73 firstCreationTest - Complete one test
[17:15:55.141] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 73 firstCreationTest - Complete one test
[17:15:55.347] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 73 firstCreationTest - Complete one test
[17:15:55.554] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:55.782] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:56.007] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:56.227] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:56.445] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:56.669] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:56.906] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:57.146] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:57.376] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:57.598] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:57.818] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:58.054] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:58.276] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:58.495] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:58.716] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 97 mulAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:59.430] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:15:59.658] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:02.737] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:08.533] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:13.700] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:19.432] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:24.632] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:30.366] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:35.516] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:40.431] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
Singleton Type      First Creation (ms) Multiple Access (ms)     Concurrent Access (ms)   Memory Used (MB)    
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OrderManager1       0.010               16.848                   4928.236                 0.000               
OrderManager2       0.010               18.592                   5504.781                 0.000               
OrderManager3       0.009               19.127                   5513.309                 0.000               
OrderManager4       0.241               18.772                   4920.940                 0.000               
OrderManager5       0.117               16.637                   4704.835                 0.000               
[17:16:45.002] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:48.982] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:52.778] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:16:57.834] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:17:02.298] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
Singleton Type      First Creation (ms) Multiple Access (ms)     Concurrent Access (ms)   Memory Used (MB)    
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OrderManager1       0.010               16.848                   4217.333                 0.000               
OrderManager2       0.010               18.592                   4340.869                 0.000               
OrderManager3       0.009               19.127                   4824.581                 0.000               
OrderManager4       0.241               18.772                   3743.032                 0.000               
OrderManager5       0.117               16.637                   3558.995                 0.000               
[17:17:06.778] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:17:11.231] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:17:15.733] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:17:20.812] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
[17:17:25.837] [INFO ] org.dragon.singleton.SingletonPerformanceTest 121 ConcurrentAccessTest - Complete one test
Singleton Type      First Creation (ms) Multiple Access (ms)     Concurrent Access (ms)   Memory Used (MB)    
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OrderManager1       0.010               16.848                   4281.649                 0.000               
OrderManager2       0.010               18.592                   4849.279                 0.000               
OrderManager3       0.009               19.127                   4782.224                 0.000               
OrderManager4       0.241               18.772                   4267.228                 0.000               
OrderManager5       0.117               16.637                   4233.907                 0.000               进程已结束，退出代码为 0

可以去多跑几次，基本上最后一种枚举单例，性能属于最好的一批。并且也最安全。