上海市住房和城乡建设厅官方网站/最近的新闻大事10条

前言

最近做项目，还是K8S的插件监听器（理论上插件都是通过API-server通信），官方的不同写法居然都能出现争议，争议点就是对API-Server的请求的耗时，说是会影响API-Server。实际上通过源码分析两着有差别，但是差别不大，对API-Server的影响几乎一样。

老式写法

package mainimport ("controller/control"v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1""k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/fields""k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes""k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache""k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd""k8s.io/client-go/util/workqueue""k8s.io/klog/v2"
)func main() {// 读取构建 configconfig, err := clientcmd.BuildConfigFromFlags("", "xxx/config")if err != nil {klog.Fatal(err)}// 创建 k8s clientclientSet, err := kubernetes.NewForConfig(config)if err != nil {klog.Fatal(err)}// 指定 ListWatcher 在所有namespace下监听 pod 资源podListWatcher := cache.NewListWatchFromClient(clientSet.CoreV1().RESTClient(), "pods", v1.NamespaceAll, fields.Everything())// 创建 workqueuequeue := workqueue.NewRateLimitingQueue(workqueue.DefaultControllerRateLimiter())// 创建 indexer 和 informerindexer, informer := cache.NewIndexerInformer(podListWatcher, &v1.Pod{}, 0, cache.ResourceEventHandlerFuncs{// 当有 pod 创建时，根据 Delta queue 弹出的 object 生成对应的Key，并加入到 workqueue中。此处可以根据Object的一些属性，进行过滤AddFunc: func(obj interface{}) {key, err := cache.MetaNamespaceKeyFunc(obj)if err == nil {queue.Add(key)}},UpdateFunc: func(obj, newObj interface{}) {key, err := cache.MetaNamespaceKeyFunc(newObj)if err == nil {queue.Add(key)}},// pod 删除操作DeleteFunc: func(obj interface{}) {// DeletionHandlingMetaNamespaceKeyFunc 会在生成key 之前检查。因为资源删除后有可能会进行重建等操作，监听时错过了删除信息，从而导致该条记录是陈旧的。key, err := cache.DeletionHandlingMetaNamespaceKeyFunc(obj)if err == nil {queue.Add(key)}},}, cache.Indexers{})controller := control.NewController(queue, indexer, informer)stop := make(chan struct{})defer close(stop)// 启动 controlgo controller.Run(1, stop)select {}
}

然后写个Controller代码

package controlimport ("fmt"v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1""k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/runtime""k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/wait""k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache""k8s.io/client-go/util/workqueue""k8s.io/klog/v2""time"
)type Controller struct {indexer  cache.Indexer                   // Indexer 的引用queue    workqueue.RateLimitingInterface //workqueue 的引用informer cache.Controller                // Informer 的引用
}func NewController(queue workqueue.RateLimitingInterface, indexer cache.Indexer, informer cache.Controller) *Controller {return &Controller{indexer:  indexer,queue:    queue,informer: informer,}
}func (c *Controller) Run(threadiness int, stopCh chan struct{}) {defer runtime.HandleCrash()defer c.queue.ShutDown()klog.Info("Starting pod control")go c.informer.Run(stopCh) // 启动 informerif !cache.WaitForCacheSync(stopCh, c.informer.HasSynced) {runtime.HandleError(fmt.Errorf("time out waitng for caches to sync"))return}// 启动多个 worker 处理 workqueue 中的对象for i := 0; i < threadiness; i++ {go wait.Until(c.runWorker, time.Second, stopCh)}<-stopChklog.Info("Stopping Pod control")
}func (c *Controller) runWorker() {// 启动无限循环，接收并处理消息for c.processNextItem() {}
}// 从 workqueue 中获取对象，并打印信息。
func (c *Controller) processNextItem() bool {key, shutdown := c.queue.Get()// 退出if shutdown {return false}// 标记此key已经处理defer c.queue.Done(key)// 将key对应的 object 的信息进行打印err := c.syncToStdout(key.(string))c.handleError(err, key)return true
}// 获取 key 对应的 object，并打印相关信息
func (c *Controller) syncToStdout(key string) error {obj, exists, err := c.indexer.GetByKey(key)if err != nil {klog.Errorf("Fetching object with key %s from store failed with %v", key, err)return err}if !exists {fmt.Printf("Pod %s does not exist\n", obj.(*v1.Pod).GetName())} else {fmt.Printf("Sync/Add/Update for Pod %s\n", obj.(*v1.Pod).GetName())}return nil
}func (c *Controller) handleError(err error, key interface{}) {}

这总写法的好处是自己处理各个环节，Informer和indexer，那个queue仅仅是队列，从cache缓存取数据用的，实际看看创建过程

创建lw的过程

cache.NewListWatchFromClient

// NewListWatchFromClient creates a new ListWatch from the specified client, resource, namespace and field selector.
func NewListWatchFromClient(c Getter, resource string, namespace string, fieldSelector fields.Selector) *ListWatch {optionsModifier := func(options *metav1.ListOptions) {options.FieldSelector = fieldSelector.String()}return NewFilteredListWatchFromClient(c, resource, namespace, optionsModifier)
}// NewFilteredListWatchFromClient creates a new ListWatch from the specified client, resource, namespace, and option modifier.
// Option modifier is a function takes a ListOptions and modifies the consumed ListOptions. Provide customized modifier function
// to apply modification to ListOptions with a field selector, a label selector, or any other desired options.
func NewFilteredListWatchFromClient(c Getter, resource string, namespace string, optionsModifier func(options *metav1.ListOptions)) *ListWatch {listFunc := func(options metav1.ListOptions) (runtime.Object, error) {optionsModifier(&options)return c.Get().Namespace(namespace).Resource(resource).VersionedParams(&options, metav1.ParameterCodec).Do(context.TODO()).Get()}watchFunc := func(options metav1.ListOptions) (watch.Interface, error) {options.Watch = trueoptionsModifier(&options)return c.Get().Namespace(namespace).Resource(resource).VersionedParams(&options, metav1.ParameterCodec).Watch(context.TODO())}return &ListWatch{ListFunc: listFunc, WatchFunc: watchFunc}
}

ListAndWatch方法，函数指针，关键是List和Watch的函数，跟新的写法有些许区别

创建Informer

此处默认使用DeletionHandlingMetaNamespaceKeyFunc函数创建key

func NewIndexerInformer(lw ListerWatcher,objType runtime.Object,resyncPeriod time.Duration,h ResourceEventHandler,indexers Indexers,
) (Indexer, Controller) {// This will hold the client state, as we know it.clientState := NewIndexer(DeletionHandlingMetaNamespaceKeyFunc, indexers)return clientState, newInformer(lw, objType, resyncPeriod, h, clientState, nil)
}func newInformer(lw ListerWatcher,objType runtime.Object,resyncPeriod time.Duration,h ResourceEventHandler,clientState Store,transformer TransformFunc,
) Controller {// This will hold incoming changes. Note how we pass clientState in as a// KeyLister, that way resync operations will result in the correct set// of update/delete deltas.fifo := NewDeltaFIFOWithOptions(DeltaFIFOOptions{KnownObjects:          clientState,EmitDeltaTypeReplaced: true,})cfg := &Config{Queue:            fifo,ListerWatcher:    lw,ObjectType:       objType,FullResyncPeriod: resyncPeriod,RetryOnError:     false,Process: func(obj interface{}) error {if deltas, ok := obj.(Deltas); ok {return processDeltas(h, clientState, transformer, deltas)}return errors.New("object given as Process argument is not Deltas")},}return New(cfg)
}func New(c *Config) Controller {ctlr := &controller{config: *c,clock:  &clock.RealClock{},}return ctlr
}

这里注意，消费delta队列的过程 ，这里是没有加锁的，即Process函数指针

另外实际上还是创建controller内置结构体，也是client-go创建的。

 

新式写法

    config, err := clientcmd.BuildConfigFromFlags("", "~/.kube/config")//注意路径if err != nil {log.Fatal(err)}//这2行是抓包的时候使用，日常是不需要的config.TLSClientConfig.CAData = nilconfig.TLSClientConfig.Insecure = trueclientSet, err := kubernetes.NewForConfig(config)if err != nil {log.Fatal(err)}//这里可以调一些参数，defaultResync很关键factory := informers.NewSharedInformerFactoryWithOptions(clientSet, 0, informers.WithNamespace("default"))informer := factory.Core().V1().Pods().Informer()//获取pod的informer，实际上使用client-go的api很多informer都创建了，直接拿过来用，避免使用的时候重复创建informer.AddEventHandler(xxx) //事件处理，是一个回调hookstopper := make(chan struct{}, 1)go informer.Run(stopper)log.Println("----- list and watch pod starting...")sigs := make(chan os.Signal, 1)signal.Notify(sigs, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)<-sigsclose(stopper)log.Println("main stopped...")

实际上就是很多过程封装了，比如创建Controller的过程

lw的创建过程

func NewFilteredPodInformer(client kubernetes.Interface, namespace string, resyncPeriod time.Duration, indexers cache.Indexers, tweakListOptions internalinterfaces.TweakListOptionsFunc) cache.SharedIndexInformer {return cache.NewSharedIndexInformer(&cache.ListWatch{ListFunc: func(options metav1.ListOptions) (runtime.Object, error) {if tweakListOptions != nil {tweakListOptions(&options)}return client.CoreV1().Pods(namespace).List(context.TODO(), options)},WatchFunc: func(options metav1.ListOptions) (watch.Interface, error) {if tweakListOptions != nil {tweakListOptions(&options)}return client.CoreV1().Pods(namespace).Watch(context.TODO(), options)},},&corev1.Pod{},resyncPeriod,indexers,)
}

实际上实现是有pod实现的，List最后取结果略有区别

// List takes label and field selectors, and returns the list of Pods that match those selectors.
func (c *pods) List(ctx context.Context, opts metav1.ListOptions) (result *v1.PodList, err error) {var timeout time.Durationif opts.TimeoutSeconds != nil {timeout = time.Duration(*opts.TimeoutSeconds) * time.Second}result = &v1.PodList{}err = c.client.Get().Namespace(c.ns).Resource("pods").VersionedParams(&opts, scheme.ParameterCodec).Timeout(timeout).Do(ctx).Into(result)return
}// Watch returns a watch.Interface that watches the requested pods.
func (c *pods) Watch(ctx context.Context, opts metav1.ListOptions) (watch.Interface, error) {var timeout time.Durationif opts.TimeoutSeconds != nil {timeout = time.Duration(*opts.TimeoutSeconds) * time.Second}opts.Watch = truereturn c.client.Get().Namespace(c.ns).Resource("pods").VersionedParams(&opts, scheme.ParameterCodec).Timeout(timeout).Watch(ctx)
}

最关键的一点，超时，老式写法是没有超时设置的，超时的重要性不言而喻，推荐使用新写法

indexer的创建

默认使用MetaNamespaceIndexFunc函数创建key

func (f *podInformer) defaultInformer(client kubernetes.Interface, resyncPeriod time.Duration) cache.SharedIndexInformer {return NewFilteredPodInformer(client, f.namespace, resyncPeriod, cache.Indexers{cache.NamespaceIndex: cache.MetaNamespaceIndexFunc}, f.tweakListOptions)
}

创建Informer的同时创建indexer

func NewSharedIndexInformer(lw ListerWatcher, exampleObject runtime.Object, defaultEventHandlerResyncPeriod time.Duration, indexers Indexers) SharedIndexInformer {realClock := &clock.RealClock{}sharedIndexInformer := &sharedIndexInformer{processor:                       &sharedProcessor{clock: realClock},indexer:                         NewIndexer(DeletionHandlingMetaNamespaceKeyFunc, indexers),listerWatcher:                   lw,objectType:                      exampleObject,resyncCheckPeriod:               defaultEventHandlerResyncPeriod,defaultEventHandlerResyncPeriod: defaultEventHandlerResyncPeriod,cacheMutationDetector:           NewCacheMutationDetector(fmt.Sprintf("%T", exampleObject)),clock:                           realClock,}return sharedIndexInformer
}// NewIndexer returns an Indexer implemented simply with a map and a lock.
func NewIndexer(keyFunc KeyFunc, indexers Indexers) Indexer {return &cache{cacheStorage: NewThreadSafeStore(indexers, Indices{}),keyFunc:      keyFunc,}
}

除了创建key的函数不同，其他一模一样 ，但是解析delta队列确加了锁

func (s *sharedIndexInformer) HandleDeltas(obj interface{}) error {s.blockDeltas.Lock()defer s.blockDeltas.Unlock()if deltas, ok := obj.(Deltas); ok {return processDeltas(s, s.indexer, s.transform, deltas)}return errors.New("object given as Process argument is not Deltas")
}

实际上http请求而言，http response关闭后http的访问就结束了，本地加锁仅仅会影响本地的执行效率，api-server无影响

 

根源

从代码分析，两种写法没有区别，对API-Server造成的影响仅仅是Http response的解析，老式写法解析后直接返回，新式写法的意思是创建结构体，然后结构体去处理值，并带上了超时时间。

那么为什么API-Server觉得一次请求时间很长呢，比如List的过程（Watch是长轮询，不涉及请求时长），根源在于API-Server在低版本（测试版本1.20.x）分页参数会失效。笔者自己尝试的1.25.4分页是有效的。估计是中间某次提交修复了，笔者在github看到很多关于List的提交优化

还有

 

 

1.25.4的API-Server的List过程

func ListResource(r rest.Lister, rw rest.Watcher, scope *RequestScope, forceWatch bool, minRequestTimeout time.Duration) http.HandlerFunc {return func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {// For performance tracking purposes. 创建埋点trace := utiltrace.New("List", traceFields(req)...)namespace, err := scope.Namer.Namespace(req)if err != nil {scope.err(err, w, req)return}// Watches for single objects are routed to this function.// Treat a name parameter the same as a field selector entry.hasName := true_, name, err := scope.Namer.Name(req)if err != nil {hasName = false}ctx := req.Context()ctx = request.WithNamespace(ctx, namespace)outputMediaType, _, err := negotiation.NegotiateOutputMediaType(req, scope.Serializer, scope)if err != nil {scope.err(err, w, req)return}opts := metainternalversion.ListOptions{}if err := metainternalversionscheme.ParameterCodec.DecodeParameters(req.URL.Query(), scope.MetaGroupVersion, &opts); err != nil {err = errors.NewBadRequest(err.Error())scope.err(err, w, req)return}if errs := metainternalversionvalidation.ValidateListOptions(&opts); len(errs) > 0 {err := errors.NewInvalid(schema.GroupKind{Group: metav1.GroupName, Kind: "ListOptions"}, "", errs)scope.err(err, w, req)return}// transform fields// TODO: DecodeParametersInto should do this.if opts.FieldSelector != nil {fn := func(label, value string) (newLabel, newValue string, err error) {return scope.Convertor.ConvertFieldLabel(scope.Kind, label, value)}if opts.FieldSelector, err = opts.FieldSelector.Transform(fn); err != nil {// TODO: allow bad request to set field causes based on query parameterserr = errors.NewBadRequest(err.Error())scope.err(err, w, req)return}}if hasName {// metadata.name is the canonical internal name.// SelectionPredicate will notice that this is a request for// a single object and optimize the storage query accordingly.nameSelector := fields.OneTermEqualSelector("metadata.name", name)// Note that fieldSelector setting explicitly the "metadata.name"// will result in reaching this branch (as the value of that field// is propagated to requestInfo as the name parameter.// That said, the allowed field selectors in this branch are:// nil, fields.Everything and field selector matching metadata.name// for our name.if opts.FieldSelector != nil && !opts.FieldSelector.Empty() {selectedName, ok := opts.FieldSelector.RequiresExactMatch("metadata.name")if !ok || name != selectedName {scope.err(errors.NewBadRequest("fieldSelector metadata.name doesn't match requested name"), w, req)return}} else {opts.FieldSelector = nameSelector}}if opts.Watch || forceWatch {if rw == nil {scope.err(errors.NewMethodNotSupported(scope.Resource.GroupResource(), "watch"), w, req)return}// TODO: Currently we explicitly ignore ?timeout= and use only ?timeoutSeconds=.timeout := time.Duration(0)if opts.TimeoutSeconds != nil {timeout = time.Duration(*opts.TimeoutSeconds) * time.Second}if timeout == 0 && minRequestTimeout > 0 {timeout = time.Duration(float64(minRequestTimeout) * (rand.Float64() + 1.0))}klog.V(3).InfoS("Starting watch", "path", req.URL.Path, "resourceVersion", opts.ResourceVersion, "labels", opts.LabelSelector, "fields", opts.FieldSelector, "timeout", timeout)ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)defer cancel()watcher, err := rw.Watch(ctx, &opts)if err != nil {scope.err(err, w, req)return}requestInfo, _ := request.RequestInfoFrom(ctx)metrics.RecordLongRunning(req, requestInfo, metrics.APIServerComponent, func() {serveWatch(watcher, scope, outputMediaType, req, w, timeout)})return}// Log only long List requests (ignore Watch).defer trace.LogIfLong(500 * time.Millisecond) //超过500ms就埋点打印日志，这个埋点非常好用，建议使用trace.Step("About to List from storage")result, err := r.List(ctx, &opts) //API-Server实际上也是去ETCD取数据if err != nil {scope.err(err, w, req)return}trace.Step("Listing from storage done")defer trace.Step("Writing http response done", utiltrace.Field{"count", meta.LenList(result)})transformResponseObject(ctx, scope, trace, req, w, http.StatusOK, outputMediaType, result)}

可以看出超过500毫秒就会打印数据，笔者测试差不多500个pod的List就是差不多500毫秒少一点，Client-Go设计默认分页参数就是500条，😅精确设计。

// GetList implements storage.Interface.
func (s *store) GetList(ctx context.Context, key string, opts storage.ListOptions, listObj runtime.Object) error {preparedKey, err := s.prepareKey(key)if err != nil {return err}recursive := opts.RecursiveresourceVersion := opts.ResourceVersionmatch := opts.ResourceVersionMatchpred := opts.Predicatetrace := utiltrace.New(fmt.Sprintf("List(recursive=%v) etcd3", recursive),utiltrace.Field{"audit-id", endpointsrequest.GetAuditIDTruncated(ctx)},utiltrace.Field{"key", key},utiltrace.Field{"resourceVersion", resourceVersion},utiltrace.Field{"resourceVersionMatch", match},utiltrace.Field{"limit", pred.Limit},utiltrace.Field{"continue", pred.Continue})defer trace.LogIfLong(500 * time.Millisecond)listPtr, err := meta.GetItemsPtr(listObj)if err != nil {return err}v, err := conversion.EnforcePtr(listPtr)if err != nil || v.Kind() != reflect.Slice {return fmt.Errorf("need ptr to slice: %v", err)}

去读取ETCD3的数据，可以试试把k8s的低版本安装上debug试试。分析limit失效的原因，笔者是高版本的K8S，是已经修复版本。自定义的埋点List的代码

package mainimport ("context""fmt"v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1""k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/meta"metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1""k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/fields""k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime""k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/watch""k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes""k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache""k8s.io/client-go/tools/pager""k8s.io/utils/trace""time"
)func TimeNewFilteredPodInformer(client *kubernetes.Clientset) error {options := metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "0"}initTrace := trace.New("Reflector ListAndWatch", trace.Field{Key: "name", Value: r.name})defer initTrace.LogIfLong(1 * time.Millisecond)var list runtime.Objectvar paginatedResult boolvar err errorlistCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)panicCh := make(chan interface{}, 1)go func() {defer func() {if r := recover(); r != nil {panicCh <- r}}()// Attempt to gather list in chunks, if supported by listerWatcher, if not, the first// list request will return the full response.pager := pager.New(pager.SimplePageFunc(func(opts metav1.ListOptions) (runtime.Object, error) {lw := &cache.ListWatch{ListFunc: func(options metav1.ListOptions) (runtime.Object, error) {return client.CoreV1().Pods(v1.NamespaceAll).List(context.TODO(), options)},WatchFunc: func(options metav1.ListOptions) (watch.Interface, error) {return client.CoreV1().Pods(v1.NamespaceAll).Watch(context.TODO(), options)},}return lw.List(opts)}))list, paginatedResult, err = pager.List(context.Background(), options)initTrace.Step("Objects listed: ")fmt.Println("list END, is pager ", paginatedResult)if err != nil {fmt.Println("error is : ", err.Error())}close(listCh)}()select {case r := <-panicCh:panic(r)case <-listCh:}initTrace.Step("Resource version extracted")items, err := meta.ExtractList(list)fmt.Println("list items size is : ", len(items))if err != nil {return fmt.Errorf("unable to understand list result %#v (%v)", list, err)}initTrace.Step("Objects extracted")return nil
}func TimeNewIndexerInformer(client *kubernetes.Clientset) error {options := metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "0"}initTrace := trace.New("Reflector ListAndWatch", trace.Field{Key: "name", Value: r.name})defer initTrace.LogIfLong(1 * time.Millisecond)var list runtime.Objectvar paginatedResult boolvar err errorlistCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)panicCh := make(chan interface{}, 1)go func() {defer func() {if r := recover(); r != nil {panicCh <- r}}()// Attempt to gather list in chunks, if supported by listerWatcher, if not, the first// list request will return the full response.pager := pager.New(pager.SimplePageFunc(func(opts metav1.ListOptions) (runtime.Object, error) {lw := cache.NewListWatchFromClient(client.CoreV1().RESTClient(), "pods", v1.NamespaceAll, fields.Everything())return lw.List(opts)}))list, paginatedResult, err = pager.List(context.Background(), options)initTrace.Step("Objects listed: ")fmt.Println("list END, is pager ", paginatedResult)if err != nil {fmt.Println("error is : ", err.Error())}close(listCh)}()select {case r := <-panicCh:panic(r)case <-listCh:}initTrace.Step("Resource version extracted")items, err := meta.ExtractList(list)fmt.Println("list items size is : ", len(items))if err != nil {return fmt.Errorf("unable to understand list result %#v (%v)", list, err)}initTrace.Step("Objects extracted")return nil
}

trace的包好用，这里使用的k8s的包，实际上sdk基础包也有相似的功能。

func (t *Trace) durationIsWithinThreshold() bool {if t.endTime == nil { // we don't assume incomplete traces meet the thresholdreturn false}return t.threshold == nil || *t.threshold == 0 || t.endTime.Sub(t.startTime) >= *t.threshold
}

总结

知其然知其所以然，要想知道为什么分页不生效，需要自定义API-Server debug才行，看代码很难看出原因，因为K8S实际上估计设计的时候也考虑过这个。