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MySQL入门篇-MySQL高级窗口函数简介

news 2026/3/31 19:26:06

备注:测试数据库版本为MySQL 8.0

这个blog我们来聊聊MySQL高级窗口函数
窗口函数在复杂查询以及数据仓库中应用得比较频繁
与sql打交道比较多的技术人员都需要掌握

如需要scott用户下建表及录入数据语句，可参考:
scott建表及录入数据sql脚本

分析函数有3个基本组成部分：
1.分区子句
2.排序子句
3.开窗子句

function1 (argument1,argument2,..argumentN)
over  w
window w as ([partition-by-clause] [order-by-clause] [windowing-clause])

窗口说明子句的语法:
默认的窗口子句是rows between unbounded preceding and current row。如果你没有显示声明窗口，就将会使用默认窗口。
并不是所有的分析函数都支持开窗子句

[rows | range] between <start expr> and [end expr]whereas
<start expr> is [unbounded preceding | current row | n preceding | n following]
<end expr> is [unbounded following | current row | n preceding | n following]

row_number、rank、dense_rank

row_number语法：

row_number() over w
window w as (partition-clause order-by-clause)

row_number不支持开窗子句
rank、dense_rank语法同row_number语法

现在需要对分不同部门来看部门内的工资排名，且从大到小排列：

-- 可以看到deptno为30的员工工资有重复的,重复的工资为1250
-- row_number()  不关注重复的，直接排名，1-2-3-4-5-6
-- rank()        重复排名,会跳过，1-2-3-4-4-6
-- dense_rank()  重复排名,不跳过，1-2-3-4-4-5
select a.empno,a.ename,a.deptno,a.sal,row_number() over w as 'num',rank() over w as 'rank',dense_rank() over w  as 'dense_rank'from emp awindow w as (partition by a.deptno order by a.sal desc)
;

mysql> select a.empno,->        a.ename,->        a.deptno,->        a.sal,->        row_number() over w as 'num',->        rank() over w as 'rank',->        dense_rank() over w  as 'dense_rank'->   from emp a->   window w as (partition by a.deptno order by a.sal desc)-> ;
+-------+--------+--------+---------+-----+------+------------+
| empno | ename  | deptno | sal     | num | rank | dense_rank |
+-------+--------+--------+---------+-----+------+------------+
|  7839 | KING   |     10 | 5000.00 |   1 |    1 |          1 |
|  7782 | CLARK  |     10 | 2450.00 |   2 |    2 |          2 |
|  7934 | MILLER |     10 | 1300.00 |   3 |    3 |          3 |
|  7788 | SCOTT  |     20 | 3000.00 |   1 |    1 |          1 |
|  7902 | FORD   |     20 | 3000.00 |   2 |    1 |          1 |
|  7566 | JONES  |     20 | 2975.00 |   3 |    3 |          2 |
|  7876 | ADAMS  |     20 | 1100.00 |   4 |    4 |          3 |
|  7369 | SMITH  |     20 |  800.00 |   5 |    5 |          4 |
|  7698 | BLAKE  |     30 | 2850.00 |   1 |    1 |          1 |
|  7499 | ALLEN  |     30 | 1600.00 |   2 |    2 |          2 |
|  7844 | TURNER |     30 | 1500.00 |   3 |    3 |          3 |
|  7521 | WARD   |     30 | 1250.00 |   4 |    4 |          4 |
|  7654 | MARTIN |     30 | 1250.00 |   5 |    4 |          4 |
|  7900 | JAMES  |     30 |  950.00 |   6 |    6 |          5 |
+-------+--------+--------+---------+-----+------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.01 sec)

lag、lead

lag语法:

lag (expression, offset, default) over w
window w as  (partition-clause order-by-clause)

lag不支持开窗子句
lead同lag语法

-- 根据分组，取值上n条和下n条   如果是第一条或最后一条，就给个默认值
SELECT a.empno,a.deptno,a.hiredate,a.sal,lag(sal, 1, 0) over w as 'pre_sal',lead(sal, 1, 0) over w as 'next_sal',lag(sal, 2, 0) over w  as 'pre2_sal',lead(sal, 2, 0) over w as 'next_2sal'FROM emp awindow w  as (PARTITION BY a.deptno ORDER BY hiredate ASC)
;

mysql> SELECT a.empno,->        a.deptno,->        a.hiredate,->        a.sal,->        lag(sal, 1, 0) over w as 'pre_sal',->        lead(sal, 1, 0) over w as 'next_sal',->        lag(sal, 2, 0) over w  as 'pre2_sal',->        lead(sal, 2, 0) over w as 'next_2sal'->   FROM emp a->   window w  as (PARTITION BY a.deptno ORDER BY hiredate ASC)-> ;
+-------+--------+------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+
| empno | deptno | hiredate   | sal     | pre_sal | next_sal | pre2_sal | next_2sal |
+-------+--------+------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+
|  7782 |     10 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 |    0.00 |  5000.00 |     0.00 |   1300.00 |
|  7839 |     10 | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | 2450.00 |  1300.00 |     0.00 |      0.00 |
|  7934 |     10 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | 5000.00 |     0.00 |  2450.00 |      0.00 |
|  7369 |     20 | 1980-12-17 |  800.00 |    0.00 |  2975.00 |     0.00 |   3000.00 |
|  7566 |     20 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 |  800.00 |  3000.00 |     0.00 |   3000.00 |
|  7902 |     20 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | 2975.00 |  3000.00 |   800.00 |   1100.00 |
|  7788 |     20 | 1987-06-13 | 3000.00 | 3000.00 |  1100.00 |  2975.00 |      0.00 |
|  7876 |     20 | 1987-06-13 | 1100.00 | 3000.00 |     0.00 |  3000.00 |      0.00 |
|  7499 |     30 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 |    0.00 |  1250.00 |     0.00 |   2850.00 |
|  7521 |     30 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 1600.00 |  2850.00 |     0.00 |   1500.00 |
|  7698 |     30 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | 1250.00 |  1500.00 |  1600.00 |   1250.00 |
|  7844 |     30 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 2850.00 |  1250.00 |  1250.00 |    950.00 |
|  7654 |     30 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1500.00 |   950.00 |  2850.00 |      0.00 |
|  7900 |     30 | 1981-12-03 |  950.00 | 1250.00 |     0.00 |  1500.00 |      0.00 |
+-------+--------+------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 没有比自己小我的我们设为AAA,没有比自己大的，我们设置为ZZZ
select deptno,ename,lag(ename, 1, 'AAA') over w as 'lower_name',lead(ename, 1, 'ZZZ') over w as 'higher_name'from emp
window w as(PARTITION BY deptno ORDER BY ename)
;-- 部门重复的话值输出第一行的部门编号  
select (case when deptno= lag(deptno,1)over w then null else deptno end) as 'deptno',ename,lag(ename, 1, 'AAA') over w  as 'lower_name',lead(ename, 1, 'ZZZ') over w as 'higher_name'from emp
window w  as (PARTITION BY deptno ORDER BY ename)
;

mysql> -- 没有比自己小我的我们设为AAA,没有比自己大的，我们设置为ZZZ
mysql> select deptno,->        ename,->        lag(ename, 1, 'AAA') over w as 'lower_name',->        lead(ename, 1, 'ZZZ') over w as 'higher_name'->   from emp-> window w as(PARTITION BY deptno ORDER BY ename)-> ;
+--------+--------+------------+-------------+
| deptno | ename  | lower_name | higher_name |
+--------+--------+------------+-------------+
|     10 | CLARK  | AAA        | KING        |
|     10 | KING   | CLARK      | MILLER      |
|     10 | MILLER | KING       | ZZZ         |
|     20 | ADAMS  | AAA        | FORD        |
|     20 | FORD   | ADAMS      | JONES       |
|     20 | JONES  | FORD       | SCOTT       |
|     20 | SCOTT  | JONES      | SMITH       |
|     20 | SMITH  | SCOTT      | ZZZ         |
|     30 | ALLEN  | AAA        | BLAKE       |
|     30 | BLAKE  | ALLEN      | JAMES       |
|     30 | JAMES  | BLAKE      | MARTIN      |
|     30 | MARTIN | JAMES      | TURNER      |
|     30 | TURNER | MARTIN     | WARD        |
|     30 | WARD   | TURNER     | ZZZ         |
+--------+--------+------------+-------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>
mysql> -- 部门重复的话值输出第一行的部门编号
mysql> select (case when deptno= lag(deptno,1)over w then null else deptno end) as 'deptno',->         ename,->        lag(ename, 1, 'AAA') over w  as 'lower_name',->        lead(ename, 1, 'ZZZ') over w as 'higher_name'->   from emp-> window w  as (PARTITION BY deptno ORDER BY ename)-> ;
+--------+--------+------------+-------------+
| deptno | ename  | lower_name | higher_name |
+--------+--------+------------+-------------+
|     10 | CLARK  | AAA        | KING        |
|   NULL | KING   | CLARK      | MILLER      |
|   NULL | MILLER | KING       | ZZZ         |
|     20 | ADAMS  | AAA        | FORD        |
|   NULL | FORD   | ADAMS      | JONES       |
|   NULL | JONES  | FORD       | SCOTT       |
|   NULL | SCOTT  | JONES      | SMITH       |
|   NULL | SMITH  | SCOTT      | ZZZ         |
|     30 | ALLEN  | AAA        | BLAKE       |
|   NULL | BLAKE  | ALLEN      | JAMES       |
|   NULL | JAMES  | BLAKE      | MARTIN      |
|   NULL | MARTIN | JAMES      | TURNER      |
|   NULL | TURNER | MARTIN     | WARD        |
|   NULL | WARD   | TURNER     | ZZZ         |
+--------+--------+------------+-------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

first_value、last_value、nth_value

first_value、last_value语法:

first_value(expression) over w 
window w as  (partition-clause order-by-clause windowing-clause)
last_value(expression) over w
window w as  (partition-clause order-by-clause windowing-clause)

nth_value语法:

nth_value (measure, n) [ from first | from last ] [ respect nulls | ignore nulls ]
over w
window w as (partitioning-clause order-by-clause windowing-clause)

/*
需求:求每个部门工资最高的和工资最低的以及工资第二高的
*/-- 默认不带开窗子句,从第一行到当前行
select a.empno,a.deptno,a.sal,first_value(a.sal)  over w as 'first',last_value(a.sal) over w as 'last',nth_value(a.sal,2) over w as 'top_2'from emp awindow w  as (partition by a.deptno order by sal)
;-- rows between unbounded preceding and current row  从第一行到当前行
select a.empno,a.deptno,a.sal,first_value(a.sal)  over w as 'first',last_value(a.sal) over w as 'last',nth_value(a.sal,2) over w as 'top_2'from emp awindow w  as (partition by a.deptno order by sal rows between unbounded preceding and current row)
;-- rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following 从第一行到最后一行select a.empno,a.deptno,a.sal,first_value(a.sal)  over w as 'first',last_value(a.sal) over w as 'last',nth_value(a.sal,2) over w as 'top_2'from emp awindow w  as (partition by a.deptno order by sal rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following)
; -- 1 preceding and 1 following   当前行的前一行到当前行的后一行 select a.empno,a.deptno,a.sal,first_value(a.sal)  over w as 'first',last_value(a.sal) over w as 'last',nth_value(a.sal,2) over w as 'top_2'from emp awindow w  as (partition by a.deptno order by sal rows between 1 preceding and 1 following)
;

mysql> -- 默认不带开窗子句,从第一行到当前行
mysql> select a.empno,a.deptno,a.sal,->        first_value(a.sal)  over w as 'first',->        last_value(a.sal) over w as 'last',->        nth_value(a.sal,2) over w as 'top_2'->   from emp a->   window w  as (partition by a.deptno order by sal)-> ;
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| empno | deptno | sal     | first   | last    | top_2   |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|  7934 |     10 | 1300.00 | 1300.00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |
|  7782 |     10 | 2450.00 | 1300.00 | 2450.00 | 2450.00 |
|  7839 |     10 | 5000.00 | 1300.00 | 5000.00 | 2450.00 |
|  7369 |     20 |  800.00 |  800.00 |  800.00 |    NULL |
|  7876 |     20 | 1100.00 |  800.00 | 1100.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7566 |     20 | 2975.00 |  800.00 | 2975.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7788 |     20 | 3000.00 |  800.00 | 3000.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7902 |     20 | 3000.00 |  800.00 | 3000.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7900 |     30 |  950.00 |  950.00 |  950.00 |    NULL |
|  7521 |     30 | 1250.00 |  950.00 | 1250.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7654 |     30 | 1250.00 |  950.00 | 1250.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7844 |     30 | 1500.00 |  950.00 | 1500.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7499 |     30 | 1600.00 |  950.00 | 1600.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7698 |     30 | 2850.00 |  950.00 | 2850.00 | 1250.00 |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>
mysql> -- rows between unbounded preceding and current row  从第一行到当前行
mysql> select a.empno,a.deptno,a.sal,->        first_value(a.sal)  over w as 'first',->        last_value(a.sal) over w as 'last',->        nth_value(a.sal,2) over w as 'top_2'->   from emp a->    window w  as (partition by a.deptno order by sal rows between unbounded preceding and current row)-> ;
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| empno | deptno | sal     | first   | last    | top_2   |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|  7934 |     10 | 1300.00 | 1300.00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |
|  7782 |     10 | 2450.00 | 1300.00 | 2450.00 | 2450.00 |
|  7839 |     10 | 5000.00 | 1300.00 | 5000.00 | 2450.00 |
|  7369 |     20 |  800.00 |  800.00 |  800.00 |    NULL |
|  7876 |     20 | 1100.00 |  800.00 | 1100.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7566 |     20 | 2975.00 |  800.00 | 2975.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7788 |     20 | 3000.00 |  800.00 | 3000.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7902 |     20 | 3000.00 |  800.00 | 3000.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7900 |     30 |  950.00 |  950.00 |  950.00 |    NULL |
|  7521 |     30 | 1250.00 |  950.00 | 1250.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7654 |     30 | 1250.00 |  950.00 | 1250.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7844 |     30 | 1500.00 |  950.00 | 1500.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7499 |     30 | 1600.00 |  950.00 | 1600.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7698 |     30 | 2850.00 |  950.00 | 2850.00 | 1250.00 |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>
mysql>
mysql> -- rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following 从第一行到最后一行
mysql>  select a.empno,a.deptno,a.sal,->        first_value(a.sal)  over w as 'first',->        last_value(a.sal) over w as 'last',->        nth_value(a.sal,2) over w as 'top_2'->   from emp a->  window w  as (partition by a.deptno order by sal rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following)-> ;
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| empno | deptno | sal     | first   | last    | top_2   |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|  7934 |     10 | 1300.00 | 1300.00 | 5000.00 | 2450.00 |
|  7782 |     10 | 2450.00 | 1300.00 | 5000.00 | 2450.00 |
|  7839 |     10 | 5000.00 | 1300.00 | 5000.00 | 2450.00 |
|  7369 |     20 |  800.00 |  800.00 | 3000.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7876 |     20 | 1100.00 |  800.00 | 3000.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7566 |     20 | 2975.00 |  800.00 | 3000.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7788 |     20 | 3000.00 |  800.00 | 3000.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7902 |     20 | 3000.00 |  800.00 | 3000.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7900 |     30 |  950.00 |  950.00 | 2850.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7521 |     30 | 1250.00 |  950.00 | 2850.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7654 |     30 | 1250.00 |  950.00 | 2850.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7844 |     30 | 1500.00 |  950.00 | 2850.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7499 |     30 | 1600.00 |  950.00 | 2850.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7698 |     30 | 2850.00 |  950.00 | 2850.00 | 1250.00 |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>
mysql>  -- 1 preceding and 1 following   当前行的前一行到当前行的后一行
mysql>   select a.empno,a.deptno,a.sal,->        first_value(a.sal)  over w as 'first',->        last_value(a.sal) over w as 'last',->        nth_value(a.sal,2) over w as 'top_2'->   from emp a->  window w  as (partition by a.deptno order by sal rows between 1 preceding and 1 following)-> ;
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| empno | deptno | sal     | first   | last    | top_2   |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|  7934 |     10 | 1300.00 | 1300.00 | 2450.00 | 2450.00 |
|  7782 |     10 | 2450.00 | 1300.00 | 5000.00 | 2450.00 |
|  7839 |     10 | 5000.00 | 2450.00 | 5000.00 | 5000.00 |
|  7369 |     20 |  800.00 |  800.00 | 1100.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7876 |     20 | 1100.00 |  800.00 | 2975.00 | 1100.00 |
|  7566 |     20 | 2975.00 | 1100.00 | 3000.00 | 2975.00 |
|  7788 |     20 | 3000.00 | 2975.00 | 3000.00 | 3000.00 |
|  7902 |     20 | 3000.00 | 3000.00 | 3000.00 | 3000.00 |
|  7900 |     30 |  950.00 |  950.00 | 1250.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7521 |     30 | 1250.00 |  950.00 | 1250.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7654 |     30 | 1250.00 | 1250.00 | 1500.00 | 1250.00 |
|  7844 |     30 | 1500.00 | 1250.00 | 1600.00 | 1500.00 |
|  7499 |     30 | 1600.00 | 1500.00 | 2850.00 | 1600.00 |
|  7698 |     30 | 2850.00 | 1600.00 | 2850.00 | 2850.00 |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

percent_rank、CUME_DIST

percent_rank语法:

percent_rank() over w
window w as  ([partition-by-clause] [order-by-clause] )

CUME_DIST语法

cume_dist() over w
window w as  ([partition-by-clause] [order-by-clause] )

percent_rank：
– percent_rank函数以0到1之间的分数形式返回某个值在数据分区中的排名
– percent_rank的计算公式为(rank-1)/(n-1)

CUME_DIST:
–一个5行的组中，返回的累计分布值为0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0;
–注意对于重复行，计算时取重复行中的最后一行的位置。

SELECT a.empno,a.ename,a.deptno,a.sal,percent_rank() over w as 'num',cume_dist() over w as 'cume'FROM emp awindow w  as (PARTITION BY a.deptno ORDER BY a.sal DESC)
;

mysql> SELECT a.empno,->        a.ename,->        a.deptno,->        a.sal,->        percent_rank() over w as 'num',->        cume_dist() over w as 'cume'->   FROM emp a->   window w  as (PARTITION BY a.deptno ORDER BY a.sal DESC);
+-------+--------+--------+---------+------+---------------------+
| empno | ename  | deptno | sal     | num  | cume                |
+-------+--------+--------+---------+------+---------------------+
|  7839 | KING   |     10 | 5000.00 |    0 |  0.3333333333333333 |
|  7782 | CLARK  |     10 | 2450.00 |  0.5 |  0.6666666666666666 |
|  7934 | MILLER |     10 | 1300.00 |    1 |                   1 |
|  7788 | SCOTT  |     20 | 3000.00 |    0 |                 0.4 |
|  7902 | FORD   |     20 | 3000.00 |    0 |                 0.4 |
|  7566 | JONES  |     20 | 2975.00 |  0.5 |                 0.6 |
|  7876 | ADAMS  |     20 | 1100.00 | 0.75 |                 0.8 |
|  7369 | SMITH  |     20 |  800.00 |    1 |                   1 |
|  7698 | BLAKE  |     30 | 2850.00 |    0 | 0.16666666666666666 |
|  7499 | ALLEN  |     30 | 1600.00 |  0.2 |  0.3333333333333333 |
|  7844 | TURNER |     30 | 1500.00 |  0.4 |                 0.5 |
|  7521 | WARD   |     30 | 1250.00 |  0.6 |  0.8333333333333334 |
|  7654 | MARTIN |     30 | 1250.00 |  0.6 |  0.8333333333333334 |
|  7900 | JAMES  |     30 |  950.00 |    1 |                   1 |
+-------+--------+--------+---------+------+---------------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

ntile

Ntile语法:

Ntile(expr) OVER w
window w as   ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

Ntile 把数据行分成N个桶。每个桶会有相同的行数，正负误差为1

将员工表emp按照工资分为2、3个桶

-- 分成2个桶
SELECT ENAME, SAL, NTILE(2) OVER w as 'n' FROM EMP
window w  as (ORDER BY SAL ASC)
;-- 分成3个桶
SELECT ENAME, SAL, NTILE(3) OVER w as 'n' FROM EMP
window w  as (ORDER BY SAL ASC)
;

mysql> -- 分成2个桶
mysql> SELECT ENAME, SAL, NTILE(2) OVER w as 'n' FROM EMP-> window w  as (ORDER BY SAL ASC)-> ;
+--------+---------+------+
| ENAME  | SAL     | n    |
+--------+---------+------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |    1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |    1 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |    1 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |    1 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |    1 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |    1 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |    1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |    2 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |    2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |    2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |    2 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |    2 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |    2 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |    2 |
+--------+---------+------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>
mysql> -- 分成3个桶
mysql> SELECT ENAME, SAL, NTILE(3) OVER w as 'n' FROM EMP-> window w  as (ORDER BY SAL ASC)-> ;
+--------+---------+------+
| ENAME  | SAL     | n    |
+--------+---------+------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |    1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |    1 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |    1 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |    1 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |    1 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |    2 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |    2 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |    2 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |    2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |    2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |    3 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |    3 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |    3 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |    3 |
+--------+---------+------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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