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安装Python第三方模块

为什么需要安装第三方模块

Python具有很强的可扩展性，它不是把所有功能特性都集中到语言核心，而是提供了丰富的官方的、第三方的类库。在创建好一个Python的虚拟环境之后，默认安装的包非常少，不能满足开发中的需求，所以需要我们自己安装第三方模块。

• 在Windows下

• 在Linux下

Python包管理器介绍

很多系统和语言都提供了包管理器。

pip

Python 常用的包管理器是 pip。pip的使用方法为：

Usage:   pip <command> [options]Commands:install                     Install packages.download                    Download packages.uninstall                   Uninstall packages.freeze                      Output installed packages in requirements format.inspect                     Inspect the python environment.list                        List installed packages.show                        Show information about installed packages.check                       Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.config                      Manage local and global configuration.search                      Search PyPI for packages.cache                       Inspect and manage pip's wheel cache.index                       Inspect information available from package indexes.wheel                       Build wheels from your requirements.hash                        Compute hashes of package archives.completion                  A helper command used for command completion.debug                       Show information useful for debugging.help                        Show help for commands.

常用的命令有：

• install，用于安装Python模块
• download，用于下载Python模块
• uninstall，用于卸载已安装的模块
• freeze，用于输出当前环境中已安装的模块，通常用于生成依赖文件requirements.txt
• list，列出当前环境中已安装的模块
• search，用于从PyPI中查找第三方模块

有两种方法来运行pip进行Python模块的安装，这两种方法的效果是一样的。

pip install

使用pip进行Python模块安装的第一种方式是直接使用命令pip install，这个是安装Python模块最方便的方式。当然，前提是pip命令已经添加到系统的环境变量PATH中了。pip install命令的语法为：

Usage:   pip install [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...pip install [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...pip install [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...pip install [options] [-e] <local project path> ...pip install [options] <archive url/path> ...Description:Install packages from:- PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.- VCS project urls.- Local project directories.- Local or remote source archives.

python -m pip install

使用pip进行Python模块安装的第二种方式是使用命令python -m pip install，其中，-m指定要运行的模块，该命令是直接使用python命令，将pip模块当成脚本运行。python -m pip install命令的语法为：

Usage:   /home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] .../home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] .../home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] [-e] <vcs project url> .../home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] [-e] <local project path> .../home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] <archive url/path> ...Description:Install packages from:- PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.- VCS project urls.- Local project directories.- Local or remote source archives.

conda

Anaconda提供的conda是一个用来管理和部署应用、环境和包的工具，自然conda工具也包含第三方模块的安装功能。

conda install

conda install命令就是用来安装Python模块的，其语法如下：

usage: conda install [-h] [--revision REVISION] [-n ENVIRONMENT | -p PATH] [-c CHANNEL] [--use-local] [--override-channels][--repodata-fn REPODATA_FNS] [--strict-channel-priority] [--no-channel-priority] [--no-deps | --only-deps] [--no-pin] [--copy][-C] [-k] [--offline] [-d] [--json] [-q] [-v] [-y] [--download-only] [--show-channel-urls] [--file FILE][--experimental-solver {classic,libmamba,libmamba-draft}] [--force-reinstall][--freeze-installed | --update-deps | -S | --update-all | --update-specs] [-m] [--clobber] [--dev][package_spec ...]Installs a list of packages into a specified conda environment.

在Windows环境中安装Python模块

打开Anaconda Prompt窗口，切换到需要安装Python模块的虚拟环境。

conda activate PythonBasic

在数据分析中，经常会用到Python数据分析三剑客：numpy、pandas、matplotlib，下面分别用三种方式来进行安装。

安装numpy

使用命令：

pip install numpy

安装完成后，可以看到虚拟环境中的Python模块明显比最初的时候多很多。

编写一段代码验证一下：

(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>python
Python 3.9.16 (main, Jan 11 2023, 16:16:36) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import numpy as np
>>>
>>> arr = np.arange(12)
>>> print(arr)
[ 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11]
>>> arr2 = arr.reshape(3,4)
>>> print(arr2)
[[ 0  1  2  3][ 4  5  6  7][ 8  9 10 11]]
>>>

安装pandas

使用命令：

python -m pip install pandas

安装完成后，编写代码验证一下：

(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>python
Python 3.9.16 (main, Jan 11 2023, 16:16:36) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pandas as pd
>>>
>>> ser1 = pd.Series([1.5, 2.5, 3, 4.5, 5.0, 6])
>>> print(ser1)
0    1.5
1    2.5
2    3.0
3    4.5
4    5.0
5    6.0
dtype: float64
>>>

安装matplotlib

使用命令：

conda install matplotlib

可以看到matplotlib安装的包更多，安装过程为：

(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>conda install matplotlib
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done==> WARNING: A newer version of conda exists. <==current version: 22.9.0latest version: 23.1.0Please update conda by running$ conda update -n base -c defaults conda## Package Plan ##environment location: C:\Users\wux_labs\anaconda3\envs\PythonBasicadded / updated specs:- matplotlibThe following packages will be downloaded:package                    |            build---------------------------|-----------------contourpy-1.0.5            |   py39h59b6b97_0         159 KBfreetype-2.12.1            |       ha860e81_0         490 KBglib-2.69.1                |       h5dc1a3c_2         1.8 MBgst-plugins-base-1.18.5    |       h9e645db_0         1.7 MBgstreamer-1.18.5           |       hd78058f_0         1.7 MBkiwisolver-1.4.4           |   py39hd77b12b_0          60 KBlibclang-12.0.0            |default_h627e005_2        17.8 MBlibffi-3.4.2               |       hd77b12b_6         109 KBlibogg-1.3.5               |       h2bbff1b_1          33 KBlibtiff-4.5.0              |       h6c2663c_1         1.2 MBlibvorbis-1.3.7            |       he774522_0         202 KBlibwebp-1.2.4              |       h2bbff1b_0          67 KBlibwebp-base-1.2.4         |       h2bbff1b_0         279 KBlz4-c-1.9.4                |       h2bbff1b_0         143 KBmatplotlib-3.6.2           |   py39haa95532_0           9 KBmatplotlib-base-3.6.2      |   py39h1094b8e_0         6.5 MBnumpy-1.23.5               |   py39h3b20f71_0          11 KBnumpy-base-1.23.5          |   py39h4da318b_0         6.0 MBopenssl-1.1.1t             |       h2bbff1b_0         5.5 MBpcre-8.45                  |       hd77b12b_0         382 KBpillow-9.3.0               |   py39hd77b12b_2         992 KBply-3.11                   |   py39haa95532_0          81 KBpyqt-5.15.7                |   py39hd77b12b_0         3.7 MBpyqt5-sip-12.11.0          |   py39hd77b12b_0          75 KBqt-main-5.15.2             |       he8e5bd7_7        50.0 MBqt-webengine-5.15.9        |       hb9a9bb5_5        48.9 MBqtwebkit-5.212             |       h3ad3cdb_4        10.3 MBsip-6.6.2                  |   py39hd77b12b_0         434 KBxz-5.2.10                  |       h8cc25b3_1         520 KBzlib-1.2.13                |       h8cc25b3_0         113 KB------------------------------------------------------------Total:       158.9 MBThe following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:blas               pkgs/main/win-64::blas-1.0-mkl Nonebrotli             pkgs/main/win-64::brotli-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 Nonebrotli-bin         pkgs/main/win-64::brotli-bin-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 Nonecontourpy          pkgs/main/win-64::contourpy-1.0.5-py39h59b6b97_0 Nonecycler             pkgs/main/noarch::cycler-0.11.0-pyhd3eb1b0_0 Nonefonttools          pkgs/main/noarch::fonttools-4.25.0-pyhd3eb1b0_0 Nonefreetype           pkgs/main/win-64::freetype-2.12.1-ha860e81_0 Noneglib               pkgs/main/win-64::glib-2.69.1-h5dc1a3c_2 Nonegst-plugins-base   pkgs/main/win-64::gst-plugins-base-1.18.5-h9e645db_0 Nonegstreamer          pkgs/main/win-64::gstreamer-1.18.5-hd78058f_0 Noneicu                pkgs/main/win-64::icu-58.2-ha925a31_3 Noneintel-openmp       pkgs/main/win-64::intel-openmp-2021.4.0-haa95532_3556 Nonejpeg               pkgs/main/win-64::jpeg-9e-h2bbff1b_0 Nonekiwisolver         pkgs/main/win-64::kiwisolver-1.4.4-py39hd77b12b_0 Nonelerc               pkgs/main/win-64::lerc-3.0-hd77b12b_0 Nonelibbrotlicommon    pkgs/main/win-64::libbrotlicommon-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 Nonelibbrotlidec       pkgs/main/win-64::libbrotlidec-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 Nonelibbrotlienc       pkgs/main/win-64::libbrotlienc-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 Nonelibclang           pkgs/main/win-64::libclang-12.0.0-default_h627e005_2 Nonelibdeflate         pkgs/main/win-64::libdeflate-1.8-h2bbff1b_5 Nonelibffi             pkgs/main/win-64::libffi-3.4.2-hd77b12b_6 Nonelibiconv           pkgs/main/win-64::libiconv-1.16-h2bbff1b_2 Nonelibogg             pkgs/main/win-64::libogg-1.3.5-h2bbff1b_1 Nonelibpng             pkgs/main/win-64::libpng-1.6.37-h2a8f88b_0 Nonelibtiff            pkgs/main/win-64::libtiff-4.5.0-h6c2663c_1 Nonelibvorbis          pkgs/main/win-64::libvorbis-1.3.7-he774522_0 Nonelibwebp            pkgs/main/win-64::libwebp-1.2.4-h2bbff1b_0 Nonelibwebp-base       pkgs/main/win-64::libwebp-base-1.2.4-h2bbff1b_0 Nonelibxml2            pkgs/main/win-64::libxml2-2.9.14-h0ad7f3c_0 Nonelibxslt            pkgs/main/win-64::libxslt-1.1.35-h2bbff1b_0 Nonelz4-c              pkgs/main/win-64::lz4-c-1.9.4-h2bbff1b_0 Nonematplotlib         pkgs/main/win-64::matplotlib-3.6.2-py39haa95532_0 Nonematplotlib-base    pkgs/main/win-64::matplotlib-base-3.6.2-py39h1094b8e_0 Nonemkl                pkgs/main/win-64::mkl-2021.4.0-haa95532_640 Nonemkl-service        pkgs/main/win-64::mkl-service-2.4.0-py39h2bbff1b_0 Nonemkl_fft            pkgs/main/win-64::mkl_fft-1.3.1-py39h277e83a_0 Nonemkl_random         pkgs/main/win-64::mkl_random-1.2.2-py39hf11a4ad_0 Nonemunkres            pkgs/main/noarch::munkres-1.1.4-py_0 Nonenumpy              pkgs/main/win-64::numpy-1.23.5-py39h3b20f71_0 Nonenumpy-base         pkgs/main/win-64::numpy-base-1.23.5-py39h4da318b_0 Nonepcre               pkgs/main/win-64::pcre-8.45-hd77b12b_0 Nonepillow             pkgs/main/win-64::pillow-9.3.0-py39hd77b12b_2 Noneply                pkgs/main/win-64::ply-3.11-py39haa95532_0 Nonepyparsing          pkgs/main/win-64::pyparsing-3.0.9-py39haa95532_0 Nonepyqt               pkgs/main/win-64::pyqt-5.15.7-py39hd77b12b_0 Nonepyqt5-sip          pkgs/main/win-64::pyqt5-sip-12.11.0-py39hd77b12b_0 Noneqt-main            pkgs/main/win-64::qt-main-5.15.2-he8e5bd7_7 Noneqt-webengine       pkgs/main/win-64::qt-webengine-5.15.9-hb9a9bb5_5 Noneqtwebkit           pkgs/main/win-64::qtwebkit-5.212-h3ad3cdb_4 Nonesip                pkgs/main/win-64::sip-6.6.2-py39hd77b12b_0 Nonetk                 pkgs/main/win-64::tk-8.6.12-h2bbff1b_0 Nonetoml               pkgs/main/noarch::toml-0.10.2-pyhd3eb1b0_0 Nonexz                 pkgs/main/win-64::xz-5.2.10-h8cc25b3_1 Nonezlib               pkgs/main/win-64::zlib-1.2.13-h8cc25b3_0 Nonezstd               pkgs/main/win-64::zstd-1.5.2-h19a0ad4_0 NoneThe following packages will be UPDATED:openssl                                 1.1.1s-h2bbff1b_0 --> 1.1.1t-h2bbff1b_0 NoneProceed ([y]/n)? yDownloading and Extracting Packages
numpy-1.23.5         | 11 KB     | ############################################################################ | 100%
libwebp-1.2.4        | 67 KB     | ############################################################################ | 100%
sip-6.6.2            | 434 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
ply-3.11             | 81 KB     | ############################################################################ | 100%
pillow-9.3.0         | 992 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
glib-2.69.1          | 1.8 MB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
matplotlib-3.6.2     | 9 KB      | ############################################################################ | 100%
contourpy-1.0.5      | 159 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
qt-webengine-5.15.9  | 48.9 MB   | ############################################################################ | 100%
kiwisolver-1.4.4     | 60 KB     | ############################################################################ | 100%
gst-plugins-base-1.1 | 1.7 MB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
qtwebkit-5.212       | 10.3 MB   | ############################################################################ | 100%
libclang-12.0.0      | 17.8 MB   | ############################################################################ | 100%
pcre-8.45            | 382 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
libogg-1.3.5         | 33 KB     | ############################################################################ | 100%
freetype-2.12.1      | 490 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
libffi-3.4.2         | 109 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
openssl-1.1.1t       | 5.5 MB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
qt-main-5.15.2       | 50.0 MB   | ############################################################################ | 100%
pyqt-5.15.7          | 3.7 MB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
libwebp-base-1.2.4   | 279 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
zlib-1.2.13          | 113 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
lz4-c-1.9.4          | 143 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
libvorbis-1.3.7      | 202 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
numpy-base-1.23.5    | 6.0 MB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
libtiff-4.5.0        | 1.2 MB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
matplotlib-base-3.6. | 6.5 MB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
xz-5.2.10            | 520 KB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
pyqt5-sip-12.11.0    | 75 KB     | ############################################################################ | 100%
gstreamer-1.18.5     | 1.7 MB    | ############################################################################ | 100%
Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done
Retrieving notices: ...working... done(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>

安装完成后，编写一段代码验证一下：

(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>python
Python 3.9.16 (main, Jan 11 2023, 16:16:36) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
>>> x = range(2, 26, 2)
>>> y = [15, 13, 14.5, 17, 20, 25, 26, 26, 27, 22, 18, 15]
>>> plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
<Figure size 1600x640 with 0 Axes>
>>> plt.plot(x, y)
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x000001F39A878760>]
>>> plt.show()

在Linux环境中安装Python模块

在Linux环境中安装Python模块的命令与在Windows环境中的一致，同样可以使用以上三种方式进行安装。

pip install numpy

pip install pandas matplotlib
python -m pip install pandas matplotlib
conda install pandas matplotlib

在PyCharm中安装Python模块

除了在虚拟环境中直接使用命令安装Python模块，在PyCharm开发工具中还可以直接安装Python模块。

通过PyCharm的File -> Settings…菜单

或者右下角的Python解释器管理工具

打开PyCharm的设置界面，通过解释器环境管理中的添加按钮可以安装需要的Python模块。

在弹出的窗口中，查找自己想安装的模块，选中，点击Install Package进行安装。

安装完成后可以看到安装的pyspark模块。

写在后面

Python具有很高的可扩展性，在项目开发中我们会用到很多第三方的模块，用好包管理器可以大大提高我们的效率。