DirectX 3D C++ 圆柱体的渲染（源代码）

作业内容 请勿抄袭

代码功能：渲染一个绕中心轴自转的圆柱体。要求该圆柱体高度为3.0，半径为0.5。

#include <windows.h>
#include <d3d11.h>
#include <d3dx11.h>
#include <d3dcompiler.h>
#include <xnamath.h>
#include <cmath>
#include <random>
#include "resource.h"
using namespace std;//自定义圆周率常量的近似值
const float pi = 3.1415926536;//设置基本的参数（包括圆面的顶点数量 圆柱体高度和底面半径）
float TotalHeight = 3.0;
float radius = 0.5;
const int RoundPointNum = 50;//通过结构体定义的方式来定义一个简单的顶点类型
struct SimpleVertex
{XMFLOAT3 Pos;    //通过一个三维向量表示顶点的三维坐标信息XMFLOAT4 Color;  //通过一个四维向量表示顶点的颜色信息（RGB和透明度）
};//通过结构体的方式定义常量缓冲区的数据格式
struct ConstantBuffer
{XMMATRIX mWorld;       //存储世界矩阵，将顶点变换到世界空间XMMATRIX mView;        //存储观察矩阵，将顶点变换到观察空间XMMATRIX mProjection;  //存储投影矩阵，将顶点坐标变换到裁剪空间
};//全局变量定义区
HINSTANCE               g_hInst = NULL;                          //存储应用程序的实例句柄
HWND                    g_hWnd = NULL;                           //存储应用程序的主窗口句柄
D3D_DRIVER_TYPE         g_driverType = D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_NULL;     //存储Direct3D驱动类型
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL       g_featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0; //指定Direct3D特性级别
ID3D11Device*           g_pd3dDevice = NULL;                     //指定Direct3D设备对象
ID3D11DeviceContext*    g_pImmediateContext = NULL;
IDXGISwapChain*         g_pSwapChain = NULL;
ID3D11RenderTargetView* g_pRenderTargetView = NULL;
ID3D11VertexShader*     g_pVertexShader = NULL;
ID3D11PixelShader*      g_pPixelShader = NULL;
ID3D11InputLayout*      g_pVertexLayout = NULL;
ID3D11Buffer*           g_pVertexBuffer = NULL;
ID3D11Buffer*           g_pIndexBuffer = NULL;
ID3D11Buffer*           g_pConstantBuffer = NULL;
XMMATRIX                g_World;
XMMATRIX                g_View;
XMMATRIX                g_Projection;//前向函数声明（用于后续的过程中）
HRESULT InitWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow);
HRESULT InitDevice();
void CleanupDevice();
LRESULT CALLBACK    WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
void Render();//程序入口：进行了初始化并进入消息循环，在空闲时间内进行场景渲染
int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{//消除未使用参数的编译警告UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(hPrevInstance);UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(lpCmdLine);//对窗口进行初始化if (FAILED(InitWindow(hInstance, nCmdShow)))return 0;//初始化Direct3D的设备和相关资源if (FAILED(InitDevice())){CleanupDevice();return 0;}//处理窗口消息和渲染场景MSG msg = { 0 };//循环一直运行知道窗口关闭while (WM_QUIT != msg.message){//判断消息队列中是否还有消息没有处理if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)){//将未处理的消息转换为合适的形式发送给窗口过程TranslateMessage(&msg);DispatchMessage(&msg);}//空闲时间则进行渲染else{Render();}}//清理所占用的资源CleanupDevice();//消息循环的退出代码return (int)msg.wParam;
}//初始化窗口并注册窗口类
HRESULT InitWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
{//对窗口的相关属性进行设置WNDCLASSEX wcex;wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;wcex.cbWndExtra = 0;wcex.hInstance = hInstance;wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, (LPCTSTR)IDI_TUTORIAL1);wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 1);wcex.lpszMenuName = NULL;wcex.lpszClassName = L"TutorialWindowClass";wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, (LPCTSTR)IDI_TUTORIAL1);//对窗口进行创建if (!RegisterClassEx(&wcex))return E_FAIL;//完成创建窗口的过程g_hInst = hInstance;RECT rc = { 0, 0, 640, 480 };AdjustWindowRect(&rc, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE);g_hWnd = CreateWindow(L"TutorialWindowClass", L"Direct3D 11 Tutorial 4: 3D Spaces", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, rc.right - rc.left, rc.bottom - rc.top, NULL, NULL, hInstance,NULL);if (!g_hWnd)return E_FAIL;ShowWindow(g_hWnd, nCmdShow);return S_OK;
}//用于编译着色器的辅助函数
HRESULT CompileShaderFromFile(WCHAR* szFileName, LPCSTR szEntryPoint, LPCSTR szShaderModel, ID3DBlob** ppBlobOut)
{HRESULT hr = S_OK;DWORD dwShaderFlags = D3DCOMPILE_ENABLE_STRICTNESS;
#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )// Set the D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG flag to embed debug information in the shaders.// Setting this flag improves the shader debugging experience, but still allows // the shaders to be optimized and to run exactly the way they will run in // the release configuration of this program.dwShaderFlags |= D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG;
#endifID3DBlob* pErrorBlob;hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile(szFileName, NULL, NULL, szEntryPoint, szShaderModel,dwShaderFlags, 0, NULL, ppBlobOut, &pErrorBlob, NULL);if (FAILED(hr)){if (pErrorBlob != NULL)OutputDebugStringA((char*)pErrorBlob->GetBufferPointer());if (pErrorBlob) pErrorBlob->Release();return hr;}if (pErrorBlob) pErrorBlob->Release();return S_OK;
}// 初始化和设置一些与图形渲染相关的对象和参数
HRESULT InitDevice(void)
{//定义了一个名为hr的变量，类型为HRESULT，并将其初始化为S_OKHRESULT hr = S_OK;//定义了一个名为rc的变量，类型为RECT，用于存储窗口的矩形区域RECT rc;//调用GetClientRect函数，将窗口g_hWnd的客户区域的矩形信息存储到rc变量中GetClientRect(g_hWnd, &rc);//计算窗口宽度UINT width = rc.right - rc.left;//计算窗口高度UINT height = rc.bottom - rc.top;//存储创建Direct3D设备时的标志UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;//如果定义了_DEBUG宏，则执行#ifdef _DEBUG和#endif之间的代码块
#ifdef _DEBUG//如果处于调试模式，将D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG标志位按位或运算（ |= ）到createDeviceFlags变量上createDeviceFlags |= D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
#endif//定义了一个名为driverTypes的数组，包含了三种Direct3D驱动类型：硬件驱动、WARP驱动和参考驱动D3D_DRIVER_TYPE driverTypes[] ={D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_WARP,D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_REFERENCE,};//计算driverTypes数组中驱动类型的数量UINT numDriverTypes = ARRAYSIZE(driverTypes);//定义了一个名为featureLevels的数组，包含了三种Direct3D功能级别：11.0、10.1和10.0D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] ={D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,};//计算featureLevels数组中功能级别的数量UINT numFeatureLevels = ARRAYSIZE(featureLevels);//设置交换链的描述信息//包括缓冲区数量、尺寸、像素格式、刷新率、使用方式、输出窗口、抗锯齿采样等DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC sd;ZeroMemory(&sd, sizeof(sd));sd.BufferCount = 1;sd.BufferDesc.Width = width;sd.BufferDesc.Height = height;sd.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;sd.OutputWindow = g_hWnd;sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;sd.Windowed = TRUE;//使用一个循环来尝试不同的驱动类型，创建Direct3D设备和交换链for (UINT driverTypeIndex = 0; driverTypeIndex < numDriverTypes; driverTypeIndex++){g_driverType = driverTypes[driverTypeIndex];hr = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, g_driverType, NULL, createDeviceFlags, featureLevels, numFeatureLevels,D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &sd, &g_pSwapChain, &g_pd3dDevice, &g_featureLevel, &g_pImmediateContext);if (SUCCEEDED(hr))break;}//如果设备和交换链创建失败则返回错误代码if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//创建渲染目标视图ID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer = NULL;hr = g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*)&pBackBuffer);if (FAILED(hr))return hr;hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, NULL, &g_pRenderTargetView);pBackBuffer->Release();if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//将渲染目标视图设置为当前的渲染目标，以便将渲染的图像输出到该渲染目标g_pImmediateContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &g_pRenderTargetView, NULL);//设置视口,定义了渲染目标上的可见区域D3D11_VIEWPORT vp;vp.Width = (FLOAT)width;vp.Height = (FLOAT)height;vp.MinDepth = 0.0f;vp.MaxDepth = 1.0f;vp.TopLeftX = 0;vp.TopLeftY = 0;g_pImmediateContext->RSSetViewports(1, &vp);//编译顶点着色器ID3DBlob* pVSBlob = NULL;hr = CompileShaderFromFile(L"Cylinder Rendering.fx", "VS", "vs_4_0", &pVSBlob);if (FAILED(hr)){MessageBox(NULL,L"The FX file cannot be compiled.  Please run this executable from the directory that contains the FX file.", L"Error", MB_OK);return hr;}//创建顶点着色器hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateVertexShader(pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pVertexShader);if (FAILED(hr)){pVSBlob->Release();return hr;}// 定义输入布局,指定顶点数据的格式D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] ={{ "POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },{ "COLOR", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, 0, 12, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },};UINT numElements = ARRAYSIZE(layout);//创建输入布局，将输入布局元素与顶点着色器关联起来hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateInputLayout(layout, numElements, pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(),pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), &g_pVertexLayout);pVSBlob->Release();if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//设置当前渲染管线中的输入布局g_pImmediateContext->IASetInputLayout(g_pVertexLayout);//编译像素着色器ID3DBlob* pPSBlob = NULL;hr = CompileShaderFromFile(L"Cylinder Rendering.fx", "PS", "ps_4_0", &pPSBlob);if (FAILED(hr)){MessageBox(NULL,L"The FX file cannot be compiled.  Please run this executable from the directory that contains the FX file.", L"Error", MB_OK);return hr;}//创建像素着色器hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreatePixelShader(pPSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pPSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pPixelShader);pPSBlob->Release();if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//设置构成圆面的顶点的个数const int PointNum = 2 * RoundPointNum + 2;float angleUnit = 360.0 / RoundPointNum;float halfHeight = TotalHeight / 2;SimpleVertex vertices[PointNum];random_device device;mt19937 engine(device());uniform_real_distribution<float> getRandom(0.0f, 1.0f);//逐一为每一个顶点设置空间坐标和颜色for (int i(0); i < RoundPointNum; ++i){float x = radius * sin(i * angleUnit * pi / 180.0);float z = radius * cos(i * angleUnit * pi / 180.0);float R = getRandom(engine);float G = getRandom(engine);float B = getRandom(engine);vertices[i] = { XMFLOAT3(x,-halfHeight,z) ,XMFLOAT4(R,G,B,1.0f)};vertices[i + RoundPointNum] = { XMFLOAT3(x,halfHeight,z),XMFLOAT4(R,G,B,1.0f) };}float R1 = getRandom(engine);float G1 = getRandom(engine);float B1 = getRandom(engine);float R2 = getRandom(engine);float G2 = getRandom(engine);float B2 = getRandom(engine);vertices[2 * RoundPointNum] = { XMFLOAT3(0,halfHeight,0),XMFLOAT4(R1,G1,B1,1.0f) };vertices[2 * RoundPointNum + 1] = { XMFLOAT3(0,-halfHeight,0),XMFLOAT4(R2,G2,B2,1.0f) };D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd;ZeroMemory(&bd, sizeof(bd));//设置缓冲区的使用方式为默认bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;//设置缓冲区的字节宽度bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(SimpleVertex) * PointNum;//设置缓冲区的绑定标志为顶点缓冲区bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;//定义了一个D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA结构体变量，并将其内存清零bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;//将顶点数据数组的指针赋给InitData的pSysMem成员D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA InitData;ZeroMemory(&InitData, sizeof(InitData));InitData.pSysMem = vertices;//创建顶点缓冲区hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, &InitData, &g_pVertexBuffer);//检查创建顶点缓冲区是否失败if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//将顶点缓冲区绑定到输入装配阶段，使得图形渲染管线能够使用该顶点缓冲区中的数据进行渲染UINT stride = sizeof(SimpleVertex);UINT offset = 0;g_pImmediateContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &g_pVertexBuffer, &stride, &offset);//创建一个索引数组WORD indices[12 * RoundPointNum];for (int i(0); i < RoundPointNum - 1; ++i){//渲染下面的部分indices[i * 12] = 2 * RoundPointNum;indices[i * 12 + 1] = i;indices[i * 12 + 2] = i + 1;//渲染上面的部分indices[i * 12 + 3] = 2 * RoundPointNum + 1;indices[i * 12 + 4] = i + RoundPointNum;indices[i * 12 + 5] = i + RoundPointNum + 1;//渲染侧面的第一个三角形indices[i * 12 + 6] = i;indices[i * 12 + 7] = i + 1;indices[i * 12 + 8] = i + RoundPointNum;//渲染侧面的第二个三角形indices[i * 12 + 9] = i + 1;indices[i * 12 + 10] = i + RoundPointNum;indices[i * 12 + 11] = i + RoundPointNum - 1;}//渲染边界的情况int i(RoundPointNum - 1);//渲染下面的部分indices[i * 12] = 2 * RoundPointNum;indices[i * 12 + 1] = 0;indices[i * 12 + 2] = RoundPointNum - 1;//渲染上面的部分indices[i * 12 + 3] = 2 * RoundPointNum + 1;indices[i * 12 + 4] = RoundPointNum;indices[i * 12 + 5] = 2 * RoundPointNum - 1;//渲染侧面的第一个三角形indices[i * 12 + 6] = RoundPointNum - 1;indices[i * 12 + 7] = 0;indices[i * 12 + 8] = 2 * RoundPointNum - 1;//渲染侧面的第二个三角形indices[i * 12 + 9] = 0;indices[i * 12 + 10] = RoundPointNum;indices[i * 12 + 11] = 2 * RoundPointNum - 1;//设置缓冲区的使用方式为默认bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;//设置缓冲区的字节宽度，这里是每个索引的字节大小乘以索引数量（36个索引）bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(WORD) * (12 * RoundPointNum);bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;InitData.pSysMem = indices;hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, &InitData, &g_pIndexBuffer);if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//设置索引缓冲区g_pImmediateContext->IASetIndexBuffer(g_pIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT, 0);//设置图元拓扑,表示要绘制的图元拓扑类型为三角形列表g_pImmediateContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);//创建常量缓冲区bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(ConstantBuffer);bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, NULL, &g_pConstantBuffer);if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//初始化世界矩阵g_World = XMMatrixIdentity();//初始化视图矩阵XMVECTOR Eye = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.0f, -5.0f, 0.0f);XMVECTOR At = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);XMVECTOR Up = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);g_View = XMMatrixLookAtLH(Eye, At, Up);//初始化投影矩阵g_Projection = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(XM_PIDIV2, width / (FLOAT)height, 0.01f, 100.0f);return S_OK;
}//释放创建的对象的函数
void CleanupDevice()
{if (g_pImmediateContext) g_pImmediateContext->ClearState();if (g_pConstantBuffer) g_pConstantBuffer->Release();if (g_pVertexBuffer) g_pVertexBuffer->Release();if (g_pIndexBuffer) g_pIndexBuffer->Release();if (g_pVertexLayout) g_pVertexLayout->Release();if (g_pVertexShader) g_pVertexShader->Release();if (g_pPixelShader) g_pPixelShader->Release();if (g_pRenderTargetView) g_pRenderTargetView->Release();if (g_pSwapChain) g_pSwapChain->Release();if (g_pImmediateContext) g_pImmediateContext->Release();if (g_pd3dDevice) g_pd3dDevice->Release();
}//窗口过程函数，用于处理程序接收到的消息
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{PAINTSTRUCT ps;HDC hdc;switch (message){case WM_PAINT:hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);break;case WM_DESTROY:PostQuitMessage(0);break;default:return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);}return 0;
}//用于渲染一帧的函数
void Render(void)
{//记录时间流逝的变量static float t = 0.0f;//检查当前的驱动类型是否为参考驱动类型if (g_driverType == D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_REFERENCE){//如果使用参考驱动类型，将t增加一个固定的增量用于模拟动画效果。t += (float)XM_PI * 0.0125f;}//如果不是参考驱动类型，执行以下代码块else{//记录程序开始运行的时间static DWORD dwTimeStart = 0;//获取当前的系统时间DWORD dwTimeCur = GetTickCount();//如果dwTimeStart为0，表示是第一次执行Render函数，则将dwTimeStart设置为当前时间if (dwTimeStart == 0)dwTimeStart = dwTimeCur;//计算从程序开始运行到当前时间的经过的秒数t = (dwTimeCur - dwTimeStart) / 1000.0f;}//根据时间计算旋转矩阵用于物体的旋转变换g_World = XMMatrixRotationY(t);//定义一个清除元素数组（包含RGBA分量的值）float ClearColor[4] = { 0.0f, 0.125f, 0.3f, 1.0f };//使用清除颜色清除后备缓冲区，准备渲染新的帧g_pImmediateContext->ClearRenderTargetView(g_pRenderTargetView, ClearColor);//定义一个名为cb的常量缓冲区结构ConstantBuffer cb;//将g_World矩阵转置后赋值给cb结构的mWorld成员cb.mWorld = XMMatrixTranspose(g_World);//将g_View矩阵转置后赋值给cb结构的mView成员cb.mView = XMMatrixTranspose(g_View);//将g_Projection矩阵转置后赋值给cb结构的mProjection成员cb.mProjection = XMMatrixTranspose(g_Projection);//将cb结构的数据更新到常量缓冲区g_pConstantBuffer中g_pImmediateContext->UpdateSubresource(g_pConstantBuffer, 0, NULL, &cb, 0, 0);//设置顶点着色器为g_pVertexShaderg_pImmediateContext->VSSetShader(g_pVertexShader, NULL, 0);//将常量缓冲区g_pConstantBuffer绑定到顶点着色器的指定槽位g_pImmediateContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &g_pConstantBuffer);//设置像素着色器为g_pPixelShaderg_pImmediateContext->PSSetShader(g_pPixelShader, NULL, 0);//使用索引缓冲区进行绘制//绘制36个顶点，形成12个三角形。这是一个绘制立方体的操作g_pImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(12*RoundPointNum, 0, 0);//将后备缓冲区的内容呈现到屏幕上，显示渲染结果g_pSwapChain->Present(0, 0);
}