Python基础语法笔记 tkinter的简单使用

语法

物质

动态类型语言,不需要声明类型

数字

类型int float bool

操作 //整除 **幂

字符串

str1 = "Hello python"
str2 = "world"
print(str1 * 3)  # 重复输出
print(str1[1])  # 索引访问
print(str1 + " " + str2)  # 拼接
print(str1[2:4])  # 字符串切片
print(len(str1))  # 长度
#查找与替换
print(str1.find("python"))  # 查找
print(str1.replace("python", "c++"))  # 替换
print(str1.split(" "))  # 以关键字划分
print(str2.upper())  # 大小写lower/upper

数组类

列表和元组

list = [1, 2, 3, 4]  #列表
tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4) #元组
#列表内容可变,元组不可变

列表的操作

arr = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
#添加元素
arr.append("orange")  # 在末尾追加元素
arr.insert(1, "pear")  # 在第2个位置插入元素
print(arr)
#删除元素
arr.remove("banana")  # 删除指定元素
del arr[1]  # 删除指定位置的元素
print(arr)
#查找元素
print(arr.index("apple"))  # 查找指定元素的索引位置,没找到抛出异常
print("pear" in arr)  # 判断指定元素是否在数组中

集合

#集合内不允许重复元素
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {2, 3, 4}
A & B #{2, 3}
A | B #{1, 2, 3, 4}
A - B #{1}
A ^ B #{1, 4}
A <= B #False
length = len(A);

字典

#就是键值对
person = {'name': 'John Doe', 'age': 30, 'gender': 'Male'}
print(person['name']) # John Doe

类与特殊方法

from filecmp import cmpclass Book:def __init__(self, title, author, pages):self.title = titleself.author = authorself.pages = pagesdef __str__(self):return f"{self.title} by {self.author}"def __repr__(self):  # representationreturn f"Book('{self.title}', '{self.author}', {self.pages})"def __len__(self):return self.pagesdef __add__(self, other):return self.pages + other.pagesdef __eq__(self, other):return (self.title == other.titleand self.author == other.authorand self.pages == other.pages)book1 = Book("The Great Gatsby", "F. Scott Fitzgerald", 180)
book2 = Book("To Kill a Mockingbird", "Harper Lee", 198)print(book1)
# Output: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgeraldprint(repr(book1))
# Output: Book('The Great Gatsby', 'F. Scott Fitzgerald', 180)print(book1 + book2)
# Output: 378print(book1 == book2)
# Output: Falseprint(book1 == Book("The Great Gatsby", "F. Scott Fitzgerald", 180))
# Output: True

运动

输入输出

输入

name = input("Please enter your name: ")
#输入
n = int(input())#默认输入尾string类型,可以格式化为int,float
print("Hello, " + name)
sets = set(input('|').split()[1:])#获取以|分割后的第二个至行尾的所有单词nums = input().split()  # 将字符串分割成多个子串
arr = [float(x) for x in nums]  # 将每个子串转换成浮点数类型，得到一个浮点数列表

输出

# 普通输出
print("Hello, World!")
# python的每句print自动换行,不需要换行则加end
print("Hello, World!", end="")
print(" Welcome to Python.")
# 格式化输出
name = "John"
age = 30
## 三种格式化
print("My name is {} and I am {} years old.".format(name, age))
print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.") #Python 3.6引入
print("My name is %s and I am %d years old." % (name, age))
## 控制小数位数
value = 3.1415926
print("The value of pi is {:.2f}.".format(value))
##占位长度以及左右对齐
print("My name is {:10} and I am {:<10} years old.".format(name, age))
'''输出如下
Hello, World!
Hello, World! Welcome to Python.
My name is John and I am 30 years old.
My name is John and I am 30 years old.
My name is John and I am 30 years old.
The value of pi is 3.14.
My name is John       and I am 30         years old.
'''

逻辑

1. 比较运算,位运算,赋值运算
2. 逻辑运算：与（and）、或（or）和非（not）
3. 成员运算：在序列（字符串、列表、元组）中检查成员（in 和 not in）
4. 身份运算：检查对象是否是同一个（is 和 is not）

控制语句

for i in range(1, 11):if i == 5:continueprint(i)
while True:user_input = input("请输入任意字符，输入'q'退出: ")if user_input == "q":breakprint("你输入的字符是: " + user_input)

单条件 类似于 c语言中的? :

x = 10
y = 20
max_value = x if x > y else y
print(max_value) # 输出结果为20

函数

#定义计算平方的函数
def square(x):result = x * xreturn result

列表推导式

square_list = [x**2 for x in range(1, 11)]
print(square_list)
#输出如下[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]#统计数组中的重复数字个数
len(set([x for x in nums if x != 0]))#每个单词的第一个数字
words = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "dragonfruit", "elderberry", "fig"]
first_letters = {word[0] for word in words}
print(first_letters)
#输出如下{'c', 'b', 'a', 'e', 'd', 'f'}

应用

打包

先安装pip install pyinstaller

然后pyinstaller --onefile -w D:\code\scripts\py\learn.py

打包并包含库文件,并隐藏命令行窗口

虚拟环境

使用虚拟环境打包可以让可执行文件更小

使用python3.6以上自带的venv,在vscode的PS终端中执行以下命令

#创建虚拟环境
python -m venv test_env
#激活环境
.\test_env\Scripts\Activate.ps1#执行不了就先Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned
#然后安装包
pip list#查看
pip install pandas#安装
#退出环境
deactivate

Tkinter

界面

基于tkinter,需要先安装库pip install ttkbootstrap tkinter

布局

三种布局方式:
pack相对用户来说不需要做过多操作就可以自动元素排列，适合于整体布局
grid布局相对来说有板有眼，适合那种规规矩矩的布局
place布局适合那种对细节要求严丝合缝的场合

pack

widgets.pack(pack_options) 这个是函数原型，pack_options有三个常用属性，分别是expand ，fill，side这三个属性expand 是否扩展，当它设置为true的时候，它会沾满父组件的空间，当然，这是在其它同级元素布局剩下之后的空间。
fill 是填充的意思，它可以指定填充的方向，比如我们想要一个button或者label占满一行，我们可以就可以设置fill = tk.X （其中tk是tkiner的简写，import tkinter as tk）
side是一侧的意思，比如我们要让两个button并排显示可以一个设置side=tk.LEFT，一个设置为tk.RIGHT
pdx,pdy是用来设置距离左右上下的位置的，有了他们，我们就可以灵活设置组件的布局了

示例

import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title(u"pack布局演示")
tk.Button(root, text="side:top").pack(side='top')
tk.Button(root, text="side:bottom").pack(side='bottom')
tk.Button(root, text="side:left").pack(side='left')
tk.Button(root, text="side:right").pack(side='right')
root.mainloop()

grid

grid有4个可选参数，分别是row,rowspan,column,columnspan，stickyrow指的是排在第一行
rowspan指的是占有多少行
column指的是排在第几列
columnspan指的是占有几列
sticky粘性，指的就是对齐固定方式，有nswe4个方位，分别是上北下南左西右东（n=nouth,s=south,e=east,w=west）

示例

import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title(u"grid布局演示")
for row in range(3):for col in range(4):text_ = "row=%d, col=%d" % (row, col)tk.Button(root, text=text_).grid(row=row, column=col)
root.mainloop()

place

坐标布局使用place进行元素的位置放置，它有x,y两参数，可以用来指定距离父组件的左上角的横坐标距离和纵坐标距离。

实战

一个利用tkinter实现逐差法,和作散点图

另外还有更换背景功能

import tkinter as tk
from ttkbootstrap import Style
from tkinter import messagebox
from PIL import Image, ImageTk
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import FigureCanvasTkAgg
import osdata = []def background(window):def resize_image():new_width = window.winfo_width()new_height = window.winfo_height()resized_image = original_image.resize((new_width, new_height))new_photo = ImageTk.PhotoImage(resized_image)background_label.config(image=new_photo)background_label.image = new_photocurrent_path = os.path.realpath(__file__)current_directory = os.path.dirname(current_path)jpg_path = os.path.join(current_directory, "background.jpg")original_image = Image.open(jpg_path)photo = ImageTk.PhotoImage(original_image)background_label = tk.Label(window, image=photo)background_label.place(x=0, y=0, relwidth=1, relheight=1)  # 设置Label的相对大小，使其铺满整个窗口window.bind("<Configure>", lambda event: resize_image())def create_input(window, text, data_var):data_frame = tk.Frame(window)data_label = tk.Label(data_frame, text=text, font=("Arial", 16), width=15)data_label.pack(side=tk.LEFT)data_entry = tk.Entry(data_frame, textvariable=data_var)data_entry.pack(side=tk.LEFT)# return data_framedata_frame.pack()def create_window(text, command):tk.Button(root, text=text, font=("Arial", 30), width=10, height=2, command=command).pack(pady=10)def full_window(window):w = window.winfo_screenwidth()h = window.winfo_screenheight()window.geometry("%dx%d" % (w, h))def create_button(window, text, command):tk.Button(window, text=text, font=("Arial", 16), width=12, height=1, command=command).pack(pady=10)def create_table(num, table_frame):try:global datadata.clear()rows = (num + 9) // 10cols = min(num, 10)for i in range(rows):row = []if i == rows - 1 and num % 10 != 0:cols = num % 10for j in range(cols):entry = tk.Entry(table_frame, width=6)entry.grid(row=i, column=j)row.append(entry)data.append(row)except ValueError:messagebox.showerror("错误", "请输入有效的数据个数！")def center_window(root, width, height):screenwidth = root.winfo_screenwidth()  # 获取显示屏宽度screenheight = root.winfo_screenheight()  # 获取显示屏高度size = "%dx%d+%d+%d" % (width,height,(screenwidth - width) / 2,(screenheight - height) / 2,)  # 设置窗口居中参数root.geometry(size)def sub_window_style(window):# window.title()center_window(window, 800, 600)background(window)def diff():def calc():try:global datanums = [float(entry.get()) for row in data for entry in row]n2 = len(nums)n = n2 // 2print(n)result = sum([nums[i + n] - nums[i] for i in range(n)]) / (n * n)result_text.insert(tk.END, f"逐差法结果为：{result}\n")except ValueError:messagebox.showerror("错误", "表格中存在非数字的输入！")window = tk.Toplevel(root)sub_window_style(window)data_N = tk.IntVar()create_input(window, "数据个数：", data_N)table_frame = tk.Frame(window)create_button(window, text="生成表格", command=lambda: create_table(data_N.get(), table_frame))table_frame.pack()create_button(window, text="计算", command=calc)result_text = tk.Text(window, height=30, width=45)result_text.pack()def plot():def gen_table(num, table_frame):global datadata.clear()rows = 2cols = numfor i in range(rows):row = []for j in range(cols):entry = tk.Entry(table_frame, width=6)entry.grid(row=i, column=j)row.append(entry)data.append(row)def calc():try:global datax = [float(entry.get()) for entry in data[0]]y = [float(entry.get()) for entry in data[1]]# 生成折线图plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4))plt.plot(x, y, marker="o", label="Data")plt.xlabel("X")plt.ylabel("Y")# plt.title("折线图")plt.legend()# 在tkinter窗口中显示折线图canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(plt.gcf(), master=window)canvas_widget = canvas.get_tk_widget()canvas_widget.pack(side=tk.BOTTOM, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)except ValueError:messagebox.showerror("错误", "表格中存在非数字的输入！")window = tk.Toplevel(root)sub_window_style(window)# 创建输入data_N = tk.IntVar()create_input(window, "数据个数: ", data_N)table_frame = tk.Frame(window)create_button(window, "生成表格", lambda: gen_table(data_N.get(), table_frame))table_frame.pack()create_button(window, "生成折线图", lambda: calc())style = Style(theme="darkly")
root = style.master
root.title("主窗口")
full_window(root)background(root)create_window("逐差法", lambda: diff())
create_window("作图", lambda: plot())
root.mainloop()