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【网络编程】零基础到精通——NIO基础三大组件和ByteBuffer

news 2026/2/7 18:04:31

一. NIO 基础

non-blocking io 非阻塞 IO

1. 三大组件

1.1 Channel & Buffer

channel 有一点类似于 stream，它就是读写数据的双向通道，可以从 channel 将数据读入 buffer，也可以将 buffer 的数据写入 channel，而之前的 stream 要么是输入，要么是输出，channel 比 stream 更为底层

graph LR
channel --> buffer
buffer --> channel

常见的 Channel 有

FileChannel

DatagramChannel

SocketChannel

ServerSocketChannel

buffer 则用来缓冲读写数据，常见的 buffer 有

ByteBuffer

- MappedByteBuffer

- DirectByteBuffer

- HeapByteBuffer

ShortBuffer

IntBuffer

LongBuffer

FloatBuffer

DoubleBuffer

CharBuffer

1.2 Selector

selector 单从字面意思不好理解，需要结合服务器的设计演化来理解它的用途

多线程版设计

graph TD
subgraph 多线程版
t1(thread) --> s1(socket1)
t2(thread) --> s2(socket2)
t3(thread) --> s3(socket3)
end

⚠️ 多线程版缺点

内存占用高

线程上下文切换成本高

只适合连接数少的场景

线程池版设计

graph TD
subgraph 线程池版
t4(thread) --> s4(socket1)
t5(thread) --> s5(socket2)
t4(thread) -.-> s6(socket3)
t5(thread) -.-> s7(socket4)
end

⚠️ 线程池版缺点

阻塞模式下，线程仅能处理一个 socket 连接

仅适合短连接场景

selector 版设计

selector 的作用就是配合一个线程来管理多个 channel，获取这些 channel 上发生的事件，这些 channel 工作在非阻塞模式下，不会让线程吊死在一个 channel 上。适合连接数特别多，但流量低的场景（low traffic）

graph TD
subgraph selector 版
thread --> selector
selector --> c1(channel)
selector --> c2(channel)
selector --> c3(channel)
end

调用 selector 的 select() 会阻塞直到 channel 发生了读写就绪事件，这些事件发生，select 方法就会返回这些事件交给 thread 来处理

2. ByteBuffer

有一普通文本文件 data.txt，内容为

1234567890abcd

使用 FileChannel 来读取文件内容

@Slf4j
public class ChannelDemo1 {public static void main(String[] args) {try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/data.txt", "rw")) {FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);do {// 向 buffer 写入int len = channel.read(buffer);log.debug("读到字节数：{}", len);if (len == -1) {break;}// 切换 buffer 读模式buffer.flip();while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {log.debug("{}", (char)buffer.get());}// 切换 buffer 写模式buffer.clear();} while (true);} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}
}

输出

10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数：10
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 1
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 2
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 3
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 5
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 6
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 7
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 8
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 9
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 0
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数：4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - a
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - b
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - c
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - d
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数：-1

2.1 ByteBuffer 正确使用姿势

向 buffer 写入数据，例如调用 channel.read(buffer)

调用 flip() 切换至读模式

从 buffer 读取数据，例如调用 buffer.get()

调用 clear() 或 compact() 切换至写模式

重复 1~4 步骤

2.2 ByteBuffer 结构

ByteBuffer 有以下重要属性

capacity

position

limit

一开始

写模式下，position 是写入位置，limit 等于容量，下图表示写入了 4 个字节后的状态

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flip 动作发生后，position 切换为读取位置，limit 切换为读取限制

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读取 4 个字节后，状态

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clear 动作发生后，状态

compact 方法，是把未读完的部分向前压缩，然后切换至写模式

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💡 调试工具类

public class ByteBufferUtil {private static final char[] BYTE2CHAR = new char[256];private static final char[] HEXDUMP_TABLE = new char[256 * 4];private static final String[] HEXPADDING = new String[16];private static final String[] HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES = new String[65536 >>> 4];private static final String[] BYTE2HEX = new String[256];private static final String[] BYTEPADDING = new String[16];static {final char[] DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray();for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {HEXDUMP_TABLE[i << 1] = DIGITS[i >>> 4 & 0x0F];HEXDUMP_TABLE[(i << 1) + 1] = DIGITS[i & 0x0F];}int i;// Generate the lookup table for hex dump paddingsfor (i = 0; i < HEXPADDING.length; i++) {int padding = HEXPADDING.length - i;StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding * 3);for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {buf.append("   ");}HEXPADDING[i] = buf.toString();}// Generate the lookup table for the start-offset header in each row (up to 64KiB).for (i = 0; i < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length; i++) {StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(12);buf.append(NEWLINE);buf.append(Long.toHexString(i << 4 & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));buf.setCharAt(buf.length() - 9, '|');buf.append('|');HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[i] = buf.toString();}// Generate the lookup table for byte-to-hex-dump conversionfor (i = 0; i < BYTE2HEX.length; i++) {BYTE2HEX[i] = ' ' + StringUtil.byteToHexStringPadded(i);}// Generate the lookup table for byte dump paddingsfor (i = 0; i < BYTEPADDING.length; i++) {int padding = BYTEPADDING.length - i;StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding);for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {buf.append(' ');}BYTEPADDING[i] = buf.toString();}// Generate the lookup table for byte-to-char conversionfor (i = 0; i < BYTE2CHAR.length; i++) {if (i <= 0x1f || i >= 0x7f) {BYTE2CHAR[i] = '.';} else {BYTE2CHAR[i] = (char) i;}}}/*** 打印所有内容* @param buffer*/public static void debugAll(ByteBuffer buffer) {int oldlimit = buffer.limit();buffer.limit(buffer.capacity());StringBuilder origin = new StringBuilder(256);appendPrettyHexDump(origin, buffer, 0, buffer.capacity());System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- all ------------------------+----------------+");System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), oldlimit);System.out.println(origin);buffer.limit(oldlimit);}/*** 打印可读取内容* @param buffer*/public static void debugRead(ByteBuffer buffer) {StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(256);appendPrettyHexDump(builder, buffer, buffer.position(), buffer.limit() - buffer.position());System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- read -----------------------+----------------+");System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), buffer.limit());System.out.println(builder);}private static void appendPrettyHexDump(StringBuilder dump, ByteBuffer buf, int offset, int length) {if (isOutOfBounds(offset, length, buf.capacity())) {throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("expected: " + "0 <= offset(" + offset + ") <= offset + length(" + length+ ") <= " + "buf.capacity(" + buf.capacity() + ')');}if (length == 0) {return;}dump.append("         +-------------------------------------------------+" +NEWLINE + "         |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |" +NEWLINE + "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");final int startIndex = offset;final int fullRows = length >>> 4;final int remainder = length & 0xF;// Dump the rows which have 16 bytes.for (int row = 0; row < fullRows; row++) {int rowStartIndex = (row << 4) + startIndex;// Per-row prefix.appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, row, rowStartIndex);// Hex dumpint rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + 16;for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);}dump.append(" |");// ASCII dumpfor (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);}dump.append('|');}// Dump the last row which has less than 16 bytes.if (remainder != 0) {int rowStartIndex = (fullRows << 4) + startIndex;appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, fullRows, rowStartIndex);// Hex dumpint rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + remainder;for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);}dump.append(HEXPADDING[remainder]);dump.append(" |");// Ascii dumpfor (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);}dump.append(BYTEPADDING[remainder]);dump.append('|');}dump.append(NEWLINE +"+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");}private static void appendHexDumpRowPrefix(StringBuilder dump, int row, int rowStartIndex) {if (row < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length) {dump.append(HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[row]);} else {dump.append(NEWLINE);dump.append(Long.toHexString(rowStartIndex & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));dump.setCharAt(dump.length() - 9, '|');dump.append('|');}}public static short getUnsignedByte(ByteBuffer buffer, int index) {return (short) (buffer.get(index) & 0xFF);}
}

2.3 ByteBuffer 常见方法

分配空间

可以使用 allocate 方法为 ByteBuffer 分配空间，其它 buffer 类也有该方法

Bytebuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);

向 buffer 写入数据

有两种办法

调用 channel 的 read 方法

调用 buffer 自己的 put 方法

int readBytes = channel.read(buf);

和

buf.put((byte)127);

从 buffer 读取数据

同样有两种办法

调用 channel 的 write 方法

调用 buffer 自己的 get 方法

int writeBytes = channel.write(buf);

和

byte b = buf.get();

get 方法会让 position 读指针向后走，如果想重复读取数据

可以调用 rewind 方法将 position 重新置为 0

或者调用 get(int i) 方法获取索引 i 的内容，它不会移动读指针

mark 和 reset

mark 是在读取时，做一个标记，即使 position 改变，只要调用 reset 就能回到 mark 的位置

注意

rewind 和 flip 都会清除 mark 位置

字符串与 ByteBuffer 互转

ByteBuffer buffer1 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("你好");
ByteBuffer buffer2 = Charset.forName("utf-8").encode("你好");debug(buffer1);
debug(buffer2);CharBuffer buffer3 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(buffer1);
System.out.println(buffer3.getClass());
System.out.println(buffer3.toString());

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+|  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd                               |......          |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------++-------------------------------------------------+|  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd                               |......          |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
class java.nio.HeapCharBuffer
你好

⚠️ Buffer 的线程安全

Buffer 是非线程安全的

2.4 Scattering Reads

分散读取，有一个文本文件 3parts.txt

onetwothree

使用如下方式读取，可以将数据填充至多个 buffer

try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();ByteBuffer a = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);ByteBuffer c = ByteBuffer.allocate(5);channel.read(new ByteBuffer[]{a, b, c});a.flip();b.flip();c.flip();debug(a);debug(b);debug(c);
} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();
}

结果

         +-------------------------------------------------+|  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6f 6e 65                                        |one             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------++-------------------------------------------------+|  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 77 6f                                        |two             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------++-------------------------------------------------+|  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 68 72 65 65                                  |three           |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

2.5 Gathering Writes

使用如下方式写入，可以将多个 buffer 的数据填充至 channel

try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();ByteBuffer d = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);ByteBuffer e = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);channel.position(11);d.put(new byte[]{'f', 'o', 'u', 'r'});e.put(new byte[]{'f', 'i', 'v', 'e'});d.flip();e.flip();debug(d);debug(e);channel.write(new ByteBuffer[]{d, e});
} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();
}

输出

         +-------------------------------------------------+|  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 6f 75 72                                     |four            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------++-------------------------------------------------+|  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 69 76 65                                     |five            |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+

文件内容

onetwothreefourfive

2.6 练习

网络上有多条数据发送给服务端，数据之间使用 \n 进行分隔
但由于某种原因这些数据在接收时，被进行了重新组合，例如原始数据有3条为

Hello,world\n

I’m zhangsan\n

How are you?\n

变成了下面的两个 byteBuffer (黏包，半包)

Hello,world\nI’m zhangsan\nHo

w are you?\n

现在要求你编写程序，将错乱的数据恢复成原始的按 \n 分隔的数据

public static void main(String[] args) {ByteBuffer source = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);//                     11            24source.put("Hello,world\nI'm zhangsan\nHo".getBytes());split(source);source.put("w are you?\nhaha!\n".getBytes());split(source);
}private static void split(ByteBuffer source) {source.flip();int oldLimit = source.limit();for (int i = 0; i < oldLimit; i++) {if (source.get(i) == '\n') {System.out.println(i);ByteBuffer target = ByteBuffer.allocate(i + 1 - source.position());// 0 ~ limitsource.limit(i + 1);target.put(source); // 从source 读，向 target 写debugAll(target);source.limit(oldLimit);}}source.compact();
}