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内容来自百度飞桨ai社区UIE与ERNIE-Layout：智能视频问答任务初探：

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1 环境准备

In [2]

# 安装依赖库
!pip install paddlenlp --upgrade
!pip install paddleocr --upgrade
!pip install paddlespeech --upgrade

In [82]

import os
import cv2
import numpy as np
from tqdm import tqdm
from pprint import pprint
from paddlenlp import Taskflow
from IPython.display import Video
from paddleocr import PaddleOCR, draw_ocr

2 信息抽取方法

在PaddleNLP为我们提供的各类解决方案中，面对领域多变、任务多样、数据稀缺的挑战，UIE具有较强的适应性。其中，uie-x-base模型面向纯文本和文档场景的抽取式模型，支持中英文的文档/图片/表格的端到端信息抽取。

比如下面这个视频，如果我们将其内容进行抽帧，得到的一系列的图片直接送入**uie-x-base** 模型中进行信息抽取，由于视频中传输的知识结构清晰，模型对 某一步具体是什么内容这里的问题，能较为准确地给出反馈结果。

In [17]

Video('video01-clip.mp4')

<IPython.core.display.Video object>

In [13]

# 定义实体关系抽取的schema——也就是视频问答的问题
schema = ['what is the 3rd step']
ie = Taskflow("information_extraction", schema=schema, model="uie-x-base", ocr_lang="en", schema_lang="en")

[2023-02-05 19:22:16,119] [    INFO] - We are using <class 'paddlenlp.transformers.ernie_layout.tokenizer.ErnieLayoutTokenizer'> to load '/home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/taskflow/information_extraction/uie-x-base'.

In [19]

src_video = cv2.VideoCapture('video01-clip.mp4')
fps = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
total_frame = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT)) # 计算视频总帧数prob = 0
output = ''
for i in tqdm(range(total_frame)):    success, frame = src_video.read()# 对传入视频抽帧if i % (fps) == 10:if success:# 保存图片cv2.imwrite(str(i) + '.jpg', frame)# 送入UIE模型进行文档信息抽取result = ie({"doc": str(i) + '.jpg'})if len(result[0]) > 0:# 只保留识别结果中，置信度最高的那个if result[0][schema[0]][0]['probability'] >  prob:prob = result[0][schema[0]][0]['probability']output = result[0][schema[0]][0]['text']# 输出结果pprint(result[0][schema[0]][0])

 34%|███▎      | 172/510 [00:01<00:01, 183.01it/s]

{'bbox': [[594, 30, 724, 80]],'end': 8,'probability': 0.8937306903884945,'start': 2,'text': 'UNPACK'}

 74%|███████▍  | 379/510 [00:02<00:00, 169.88it/s]

{'bbox': [[603, 138, 810, 183]],'end': 32,'probability': 0.9051069707893973,'start': 20,'text': 'SAFETy CHECK'}

100%|██████████| 510/510 [00:02<00:00, 175.77it/s]

上面视频问答的标准答案为：

Q: What is the third step?

A: safety check

In [ ]

# 删除多余图片
!rm *.jpg

我们把上面这个过程简单梳理下，主要包括下面几个步骤：

1. 定义要抽取的schema——直接把问题作为信息抽取的内容
2. 视频抽帧，保存图片到本地
3. 送入UIE模型进行信息抽取
4. 逐帧比较抽取结果，剔除重复、不正确结果
5. 保存并输出正确结果以及对应图片（便于用户进行核对确认）

下面，我们就将这个思路写成一个视频问答处理函数，并验证效果。

In [50]

def get_video_info(video_path, question):# 定义实体关系抽取的schemaschema = [question]ie = Taskflow("information_extraction", schema=schema, model="uie-x-base", ocr_lang="en", schema_lang="en")src_video = cv2.VideoCapture(video_path)fps = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))total_frame = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT)) # 计算视频总帧数prob = 0output = ''pre_frame = 10for i in tqdm(range(total_frame)):    success, frame = src_video.read()# 记录保存的前一个最优结果图片if i % (fps) == 10:if success:cv2.imwrite(str(i) + '.jpg', frame)result = ie({"doc": str(i) + '.jpg'})if len(result[0]) > 0:if result[0][schema[0]][0]['probability'] >  prob:if os.path.exists(str(pre_frame) + '.jpg'):os.remove(str(pre_frame) + '.jpg')prob = result[0][schema[0]][0]['probability']output = result[0][schema[0]][0]['text']pprint(result[0][schema[0]][0])pre_frame = ielse: os.remove(str(i) + '.jpg')elif i!=10:os.remove(str(i) + '.jpg')return output

In [ ]

# 显示要进行问答的视频
Video('video03-clip.mp4')

问答的标准答案：

Q: What is the purpose of the red laser sights?

A: Help you accurately aim at the target

In [71]

get_video_info('video03-clip.mp4', 'What is the purpose of the red laser sights?')

[2023-02-05 22:00:07,586] [    INFO] - We are using <class 'paddlenlp.transformers.ernie_layout.tokenizer.ErnieLayoutTokenizer'> to load '/home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/taskflow/information_extraction/uie-x-base'.28%|██▊       | 126/450 [00:03<00:04, 72.93it/s]

{'bbox': [[528, 21, 649, 44], [274, 55, 695, 77]],'end': 53,'probability': 0.9742606425060707,'start': 17,'text': 'HELP YOUACCURATELY AIM AT THE TARGET'}

 38%|███▊      | 172/450 [00:03<00:02, 101.23it/s]

{'bbox': [[528, 21, 649, 44], [274, 55, 695, 77]],'end': 53,'probability': 0.974278300524599,'start': 17,'text': 'HELP YOUACCURATELY AIM AT THE TARGET'}

 43%|████▎     | 195/450 [00:04<00:02, 112.72it/s]

{'bbox': [[528, 21, 649, 44], [274, 54, 694, 75]],'end': 52,'probability': 0.9762005052161093,'start': 17,'text': 'HELP YOUACCURATELY AIMAT THE TARGET'}

100%|██████████| 450/450 [00:05<00:00, 83.42it/s] 

'HELP YOUACCURATELY AIMAT THE TARGET'

我们观察video03-clip.mp4这个视频的问答抽取结果，可以发现虽然识别结果是正确的，但是直接输出的OCR识别结果后续还需要进行文本矫正。

3 ERNIE-Layout方法

ERNIE-Layout是依托PaddleNLP对外开源业界最强的多语言跨模态文档预训练模型。ERNIE-Layout以文心文本大模型ERNIE为底座，融合了文本、图像、布局等信息进行跨模态联合建模，创新性引入布局知识增强，提出阅读顺序预测、细粒度图文匹配等自监督预训练任务，升级空间解偶注意力机制，在各数据集上效果取得大幅度提升。

参考资料：ERNIE-Layout: Layout-Knowledge Enhanced Multi-modal Pre-training for Document Understanding

ERNIE-Layout同样可以使用Taskflow一键调用。

In [56]

from pprint import pprint
from paddlenlp import Taskflowdocprompt = Taskflow("document_intelligence", lang='en')
pprint(docprompt([{"doc": "217.jpg", "prompt": ["What is the purpose of the red laser sights?"]}]))

[2023-02-05 21:49:22,279] [    INFO] - We are using <class 'paddlenlp.transformers.ernie_layout.tokenizer.ErnieLayoutTokenizer'> to load 'ernie-layoutx-base-uncased'.
[2023-02-05 21:49:22,283] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/vocab.txt
[2023-02-05 21:49:22,285] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/sentencepiece.bpe.model
[2023-02-05 21:49:22,932] [    INFO] - tokenizer config file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/tokenizer_config.json
[2023-02-05 21:49:23,014] [    INFO] - Special tokens file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/special_tokens_map.json

[{'prompt': 'What is the purpose of the red laser sights?','result': [{'end': 17,'prob': 0.97,'start': 9,'value': 'ACCURATELY AIM AT THE TARGET'}]}]

In [67]

def get_docprompt(video_path, question):# 定义实体关系抽取的schemaschema = [question]ie = Taskflow("document_intelligence", lang='en')src_video = cv2.VideoCapture(video_path)fps = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))total_frame = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT)) # 计算视频总帧数prob = 0output = ''pre_frame = 10for i in tqdm(range(total_frame)):    success, frame = src_video.read()# 记录保存的前一个最优结果图片if i % (fps) == 10:if success:cv2.imwrite(str(i) + '.jpg', frame)result = ie([{"doc": str(i)+".jpg", "prompt": schema}])if len(result[0]) > 0:if result[0]['result'][0]['prob'] >  prob:if os.path.exists(str(pre_frame) + '.jpg'):os.remove(str(pre_frame) + '.jpg')prob = result[0]['result'][0]['prob']output = result[0]['result'][0]['value']pprint(result[0]['result'][0])pre_frame = ielse: os.remove(str(i) + '.jpg')elif i!=10:os.remove(str(i) + '.jpg')return output

In [70]

get_docprompt('video01-clip.mp4', 'What is the third step?')

[2023-02-05 21:59:20,521] [    INFO] - We are using <class 'paddlenlp.transformers.ernie_layout.tokenizer.ErnieLayoutTokenizer'> to load 'ernie-layoutx-base-uncased'.
[2023-02-05 21:59:20,525] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/vocab.txt
[2023-02-05 21:59:20,527] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/sentencepiece.bpe.model
[2023-02-05 21:59:21,160] [    INFO] - tokenizer config file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/tokenizer_config.json
[2023-02-05 21:59:21,163] [    INFO] - Special tokens file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/special_tokens_map.json45%|████▌     | 231/510 [00:00<00:00, 347.51it/s]

{'end': 11, 'prob': 1.0, 'start': 9, 'value': 'SAFETy CHECK'}

100%|██████████| 510/510 [00:01<00:00, 270.32it/s]

'SAFETy CHECK'

In [68]

get_docprompt('video03-clip.mp4', "What is the purpose of the red laser sights?")

[2023-02-05 21:57:12,703] [    INFO] - We are using <class 'paddlenlp.transformers.ernie_layout.tokenizer.ErnieLayoutTokenizer'> to load 'ernie-layoutx-base-uncased'.
[2023-02-05 21:57:12,707] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/vocab.txt
[2023-02-05 21:57:12,709] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/sentencepiece.bpe.model
[2023-02-05 21:57:13,338] [    INFO] - tokenizer config file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/tokenizer_config.json
[2023-02-05 21:57:13,341] [    INFO] - Special tokens file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/special_tokens_map.json0%|          | 1/450 [00:00<01:04,  6.91it/s]

{'end': 7, 'prob': 0.86, 'start': 5, 'value': 'RANGEFINDER RETICLE'}

  2%|▏         | 11/450 [00:00<00:10, 42.43it/s]

{'end': 7, 'prob': 0.87, 'start': 7, 'value': 'RANGEFINDER'}

  8%|▊         | 34/450 [00:00<00:03, 106.16it/s]

{'end': 7, 'prob': 0.88, 'start': 7, 'value': 'RANGEFINDER'}

 13%|█▎        | 57/450 [00:00<00:02, 141.83it/s]

{'end': 7, 'prob': 0.89, 'start': 7, 'value': 'RANGEFINDER'}

 28%|██▊       | 126/450 [00:00<00:01, 191.73it/s]

{'end': 17, 'prob': 0.96, 'start': 9, 'value': 'ACCURATELY AIM AT THE TARGET'}

 33%|███▎      | 149/450 [00:00<00:01, 194.31it/s]

{'end': 17, 'prob': 0.97, 'start': 9, 'value': 'ACCURATELY AIM AT THE TARGET'}

100%|██████████| 450/450 [00:02<00:00, 212.87it/s]

'ACCURATELY AIM AT THE TARGET'

虽然在video01-clip.mp4和video03-clip.mp4两个视频的问答结果上，ERNIE-Layout和信息抽取结果大同小于，甚至video03-clip.mp4的问答结果离标准答案还有一点点缺漏，但是读者可以比较下面video02-clip.mp4和video07-clip.mp4的问答结果，会发现ERNIE-Layout在真正的上下文理解上，明显要更强一些。

In [ ]

# 显示要进行问答的视频
Video('video02-clip.mp4')

Q1: How many bolts are there?

A1: 8

In [72]

get_docprompt('video02-clip.mp4', "How many bolts are there?")

[2023-02-05 22:08:41,260] [    INFO] - We are using <class 'paddlenlp.transformers.ernie_layout.tokenizer.ErnieLayoutTokenizer'> to load 'ernie-layoutx-base-uncased'.
[2023-02-05 22:08:41,265] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/vocab.txt
[2023-02-05 22:08:41,267] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/sentencepiece.bpe.model
[2023-02-05 22:08:41,890] [    INFO] - tokenizer config file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/tokenizer_config.json
[2023-02-05 22:08:41,893] [    INFO] - Special tokens file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/special_tokens_map.json2%|▏         | 11/537 [00:00<00:10, 49.61it/s]

{'end': 0, 'prob': 0.98, 'start': 0, 'value': '8SOLIDSTEELLOCKINGBOLTS'}

 23%|██▎       | 126/537 [00:00<00:02, 192.12it/s]

{'end': 0, 'prob': 0.99, 'start': 0, 'value': '8SOLIDSTEELLOCKING'}

100%|██████████| 537/537 [00:02<00:00, 201.76it/s]

'8SOLIDSTEELLOCKING'

4 字幕抽取的特殊处理

有的视频是带字幕的，而且问答内容只在字幕中，视频其它位置的文字反而会形成严重干扰，这时候在读取图片的时候限定字幕范围，可以很好地提升问答结果的准确程度。

In [79]

def get_docprompt_v2(video_path, question):# 定义实体关系抽取的schemaschema = [question]ie = Taskflow("document_intelligence", lang='en')src_video = cv2.VideoCapture(video_path)fps = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))total_frame = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT)) # 计算视频总帧数prob = 0output = ''pre_frame = 10for i in tqdm(range(total_frame)):    success, frame = src_video.read()# 记录保存的前一个最优结果图片if i % (fps) == 10:if success:# 限定范围只抽取字幕cv2.imwrite(str(i) + '.jpg', frame[-180:-30:])result = ie([{"doc": str(i)+".jpg", "prompt": schema}])if len(result[0]) > 0:if result[0]['result'][0]['prob'] >  prob:if os.path.exists(str(pre_frame) + '.jpg'):os.remove(str(pre_frame) + '.jpg')prob = result[0]['result'][0]['prob']output = result[0]['result'][0]['value']pprint(result[0]['result'][0])pre_frame = ielse: os.remove(str(i) + '.jpg')elif i!=10:os.remove(str(i) + '.jpg')return output

In [76]

# 显示要进行问答的视频
Video('video07-clip.mp4')

<IPython.core.display.Video object>

Q: What does Treasure Race mean?

A: The hunt for the treasure of Gold Roger.

In [80]

get_docprompt_v2('video07-clip.mp4', "What does Treasure Race mean?")

[2023-02-05 22:23:35,360] [    INFO] - We are using <class 'paddlenlp.transformers.ernie_layout.tokenizer.ErnieLayoutTokenizer'> to load 'ernie-layoutx-base-uncased'.
[2023-02-05 22:23:35,364] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/vocab.txt
[2023-02-05 22:23:35,366] [    INFO] - Already cached /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/sentencepiece.bpe.model
[2023-02-05 22:23:36,011] [    INFO] - tokenizer config file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/tokenizer_config.json
[2023-02-05 22:23:36,013] [    INFO] - Special tokens file saved in /home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/models/ernie-layoutx-base-uncased/special_tokens_map.json22%|██▏       | 133/597 [00:00<00:01, 255.63it/s]

{'end': 13,'prob': 0.95,'start': 0,'value': 'The hunt for the treasureof Gold Roger!'}

100%|██████████| 597/597 [00:01<00:00, 305.63it/s]

'The hunt for the treasureof Gold Roger!'

5 需要结合时序的视频问答

还有一种更加复杂的情况，就是要结合出现文字/字幕的时序信息进行问答。

In [ ]

# 显示要进行问答的视频
Video('video05-clip.mp4')

Q: What is the first step to do a fast healing?

A: Clean the cut or scrape.

比如上面这个视频，问答内容与是fast healing的处理步骤，但是视频帧里，步骤只有文字，而不像第一个视频一样有1、2、3、4……，这时候用文档抽取或ERNIE-Layout就傻眼了，因为对着一张图片怎么也回答不出来。此时，就需要把读取到的文字都拼接起来，得到时序相关的文字信息。

In [ ]

ocr = PaddleOCR(use_angle_cls=False, lang="en")
similarity = Taskflow(task="text_similarity", mode="fast", max_seq_len=16, lang="en")

In [182]

src_video = cv2.VideoCapture('video05-clip.mp4')
fps = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
total_frame = int(src_video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT)) # 计算视频总帧数save_text0 = []
for i in tqdm(range(total_frame)):    success, frame = src_video.read()if i % (fps) == 10:line_text = []if success:# 排除干扰信息，只抽取部分画面result = ocr.ocr(frame[30:180:], cls=True)for idx in range(len(result)):res = result[idx]for line in res:if len(line[1][0]) > 1:line_text.append(line[1][0])line_res = ' '.join(line_text)save_text0.append(line_res)

In [177]

save_text = []
for i in save_text0:if i != '':save_text.append(i)

In [178]

# 结果去重
final_text =list(set(save_text))
final_text.sort(key=save_text.index)

In [179]

final_text = ','.join(final_text)

In [180]

final_text

'3 Steps to Fast Healing,Clean the cut or scrape,Treat the Wound with a topical antibiotic,Cover the cut or scrape'

完成上述工作后，看着final_text这段文字，总算可以进行问答了。不过，直接用信息抽取的预训练模型还是得不到结果，我们可以稍微调整下，增加关键词。等到后面赛题后续训练集公布后，重新微调训练模型，识别效果必然会提升不少。

In [172]

# 定义实体关系抽取的schema
schema = ['What is the first step to do a healing?']
ie = Taskflow("information_extraction", schema=schema, model="uie-x-base")
ie('3 Steps to Fast Healing, first Clean the cut or scrape,second Treat the Wound with a topical antibiotic,then Cover the cut or scrape')

[2023-02-05 23:13:12,541] [    INFO] - We are using <class 'paddlenlp.transformers.ernie_layout.tokenizer.ErnieLayoutTokenizer'> to load '/home/aistudio/.paddlenlp/taskflow/information_extraction/uie-x-base'.

[{'What is the first step to do a healing?': [{'text': 'Clean the cut or scrape','start': 31,'end': 54,'probability': 0.9410384130303413}]}]