当前位置：首页 > news >正文

BUUCTF reverse wp 51 - 55

news 文章来源：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33976344/article/details/126708714 2024/12/29 23:35:52

findKey

在这里插入图片描述

shift + f12 找到一个flag{}字符串, 定位到关键函数, F5无效, 大概率是有花指令, 读一下汇编
在这里插入图片描述

这里连续push两个byte_428C54很奇怪, nop掉下面那个, 再往上找到函数入口, p设置函数入口, 再F5

LRESULT __stdcall sub_401640(HWND hWndParent, UINT Msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{int v5; // eaxsize_t v6; // eaxDWORD v7; // eaxint v8; // eaxint v9; // eaxCHAR *v10; // [esp+0h] [ebp-44Ch]CHAR v11[256]; // [esp+54h] [ebp-3F8h] BYREFchar v12[7]; // [esp+154h] [ebp-2F8h] BYREF__int16 v13; // [esp+15Bh] [ebp-2F1h]char v14; // [esp+15Dh] [ebp-2EFh]char Str[253]; // [esp+160h] [ebp-2ECh] BYREF__int16 v16; // [esp+25Dh] [ebp-1EFh]char v17; // [esp+25Fh] [ebp-1EDh]CHAR v18[256]; // [esp+260h] [ebp-1ECh] BYREFCHAR String[4]; // [esp+360h] [ebp-ECh] BYREFint v20; // [esp+364h] [ebp-E8h]__int16 v21; // [esp+368h] [ebp-E4h]CHAR Text[32]; // [esp+36Ch] [ebp-E0h] BYREFstruct tagRECT Rect; // [esp+38Ch] [ebp-C0h] BYREFCHAR Buffer[100]; // [esp+39Ch] [ebp-B0h] BYREFHDC hdc; // [esp+400h] [ebp-4Ch]struct tagPAINTSTRUCT Paint; // [esp+404h] [ebp-48h] BYREFint v27; // [esp+444h] [ebp-8h]int v28; // [esp+448h] [ebp-4h]LoadStringA(hInstance, 0x6Au, Buffer, 100);if ( Msg > 0x111 ){if ( Msg == 517 ){if ( strlen((const char *)String1) > 6 )ExitProcess(0);if ( strlen((const char *)String1) ){memset(v18, 0, sizeof(v18));v6 = strlen((const char *)String1);memcpy(v18, String1, v6);v7 = strlen((const char *)String1);sub_40101E(String1, v7, v10);strcpy(Str, "0kk`d1a`55k222k2a776jbfgd`06cjjb");memset(&Str[33], 0, 0xDCu);v16 = 0;v17 = 0;strcpy(v12, "SS");*(_DWORD *)&v12[3] = 0;v13 = 0;v14 = 0;v8 = strlen(Str);sub_401005(v12, (int)Str, v8);if ( _strcmpi((const char *)String1, Str) ){SetWindowTextA(hWndParent, "flag{}");MessageBoxA(hWndParent, "Are you kidding me?", "^_^", 0);ExitProcess(0);}memcpy(v11, &unk_423030, 0x32u);v9 = strlen(v11);sub_401005(v18, (int)v11, v9);MessageBoxA(hWndParent, v11, 0, 0x32u);}++dword_428D54;}else{if ( Msg != 520 )return DefWindowProcA(hWndParent, Msg, wParam, lParam);if ( dword_428D54 == 16 ){strcpy(String, "ctf");v20 = 0;v21 = 0;SetWindowTextA(hWndParent, String);strcpy(Text, "Are you kidding me?");MessageBoxA(hWndParent, Text, Buffer, 0);}++dword_428D54;}}else{switch ( Msg ){case 0x111u:v28 = (unsigned __int16)wParam;v27 = HIWORD(wParam);if ( (unsigned __int16)wParam == 104 ){DialogBoxParamA(hInstance, (LPCSTR)0x67, hWndParent, (DLGPROC)DialogFunc, 0);}else{if ( (unsigned __int16)wParam != 105 )return DefWindowProcA(hWndParent, Msg, wParam, lParam);DestroyWindow(hWndParent);}break;case 2u:PostQuitMessage(0);break;case 0xFu:hdc = BeginPaint(hWndParent, &Paint);GetClientRect(hWndParent, &Rect);v5 = strlen(Buffer);DrawTextA(hdc, Buffer, v5, &Rect, 1u);EndPaint(hWndParent, &Paint);break;default:return DefWindowProcA(hWndParent, Msg, wParam, lParam);}}return 0;
}int __cdecl sub_4013A0(BYTE *pbData, DWORD dwDataLen, LPSTR lpString1)
{DWORD i; // [esp+4Ch] [ebp-24h]CHAR String2[4]; // [esp+50h] [ebp-20h] BYREFBYTE v6[16]; // [esp+54h] [ebp-1Ch] BYREFDWORD pdwDataLen; // [esp+64h] [ebp-Ch] BYREFHCRYPTHASH phHash; // [esp+68h] [ebp-8h] BYREFHCRYPTPROV phProv; // [esp+6Ch] [ebp-4h] BYREFif ( !CryptAcquireContextA(&phProv, 0, 0, 1u, 0xF0000000) )return 0;if ( CryptCreateHash(phProv, 0x8003u, 0, 0, &phHash) ){if ( CryptHashData(phHash, pbData, dwDataLen, 0) ){CryptGetHashParam(phHash, 2u, v6, &pdwDataLen, 0);*lpString1 = 0;for ( i = 0; i < pdwDataLen; ++i ){wsprintfA(String2, "%02X", v6[i]);lstrcatA(lpString1, String2);}CryptDestroyHash(phHash);CryptReleaseContext(phProv, 0);return 1;}else{CryptDestroyHash(phHash);CryptReleaseContext(phProv, 0);return 0;}}else{CryptReleaseContext(phProv, 0);return 0;}
}

发现string1会经过sub_4013A0中的hash处理, 查MSDN的文档
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/seccrypto/alg-id?redirectedfrom=MSDN

在这里插入图片描述
猜测是经过md5处理, 返回的值与0kk`d1a`55k222k2a776jbfgd`06cjjb ^ SS的结果比较

s = '0kk`d1a`55k222k2a776jbfgd`06cjjb'
key = 'SS'md5val = ''
for i in range(len(s)):md5val += chr(ord(s[i]) ^ ord(key[i % 2]))print(md5val)

查MD5, 得到解密真正flag的key == 123321

unsigned int __cdecl sub_401590(LPCSTR lpString, int a2, unsigned int a3)
{unsigned int result; // eaxunsigned int i; // [esp+4Ch] [ebp-Ch]unsigned int v5; // [esp+54h] [ebp-4h]v5 = lstrlenA(lpString);for ( i = 0; ; ++i ){result = i;if ( i >= a3 )break;*(_BYTE *)(i + a2) ^= lpString[i % v5];}return result;
}

shift + e导出unk_423030数据, 写逆

enc = [87, 94, 82, 84, 73, 95, 1, 109, 105, 70, 2, 110, 95, 2, 108, 87, 91, 84, 76
]
key = "123321"
flag = ''for i in range(len(enc)):flag += chr(enc[i] ^ ord(key[i % 6]))print(flag)

firmware

$ file 51475f91-7b90-41dd-81a3-8b82df4f29d0.bin
51475f91-7b90-41dd-81a3-8b82df4f29d0.bin: firmware 941 v7 TP-LINK Technologies ver. 1.0, version 3.15.36, 4063744 bytes or less, at 0x200 772784 bytes , at 0x100000 2883584 bytes$ binwalk -e 51475f91-7b90-41dd-81a3-8b82df4f29d0.bin$ ls _51475f91-7b90-41dd-81a3-8b82df4f29d0.bin.extracted/
120200.squashfs  20400  20400.7z  squashfs-root

包含一个squashfs文件系统镜像, 需要使用firmware-mod-kit工具包内的unsquashfs_all.sh解压文件系统镜像
需要在linux里编译, 而且安装过程也比较坑, 嫌麻烦的直接上kali

git clone https://github.com/mirror/firmware-mod-kit.git
sudo apt-get install build-essential zlib1g-dev libz1zma-dev python-magic
cd firmware-mod-kit/src
./configure && make

kali执行

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install firmware-mod-kit

apt安装的软件, 可以用dpkg -L xxx显示安装路径, 然后用unsquashfs_all.sh解析文件系统

┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/Desktop]
└─$ /opt/firmware-mod-kit/trunk/unsquashfs_all.sh 120200.squashfs 
Attempting to extract SquashFS 4.X file system...Skipping squashfs-2.1-r2 (wrong version)...
Skipping squashfs-3.0 (wrong version)...
Skipping squashfs-3.0-lzma-damn-small-variant (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-2.0-nb4 (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-2.2-r2-7z (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.0-e2100 (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.2-r2 (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.2-r2-lzma (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.2-r2-lzma/squashfs3.2-r2/squashfs-tools (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.2-r2-hg612-lzma (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.2-r2-wnr1000 (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.2-r2-rtn12 (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.3 (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.3-lzma/squashfs3.3/squashfs-tools (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.3-grml-lzma/squashfs3.3/squashfs-tools (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.4-cisco (wrong version)...
Skipping others/squashfs-3.4-nb4 (wrong version)...Trying ./src/others/squashfs-4.2-official/unsquashfs... Parallel unsquashfs: Using 4 processorsTrying ./src/others/squashfs-4.2/unsquashfs... Parallel unsquashfs: Using 4 processorsTrying ./src/others/squashfs-4.0-lzma/unsquashfs-lzma... Parallel unsquashfs: Using 4 processors
480 inodes (523 blocks) to write[====================================================|        ] 454/523  86%
created 341 files
created 39 directories
created 70 symlinks
created 0 devices
created 0 fifos
File system sucessfully extracted!
MKFS="./src/others/squashfs-4.0-lzma/mksquashfs-lzma"

提取出文件系统中的内容后, 把各个目录翻一遍, 找到backdoor文件
在这里插入图片描述

查壳发现UPX
在这里插入图片描述

直接 kali 脱壳

┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/Desktop/squashfs-root/tmp]
└─$ upx -d backdoor Ultimate Packer for eXecutablesCopyright (C) 1996 - 2020
UPX 3.96        Markus Oberhumer, Laszlo Molnar & John Reiser   Jan 23rd 2020File size         Ratio      Format      Name--------------------   ------   -----------   -----------54907 <-     19508   35.53%    linux/arm    backdoorUnpacked 1 file.

拖进IDA

bool initConnection()
{char *v0; // r0char s[512]; // [sp+4h] [bp-208h] BYREFint v3; // [sp+204h] [bp-8h]memset(s, 0, sizeof(s));if ( mainCommSock ){close(mainCommSock);mainCommSock = 0;}if ( currentServer )++currentServer;elsecurrentServer = 0;strcpy(s, (&commServer)[currentServer]);v3 = 36667;if ( strchr(s, 58) ){v0 = strchr(s, 58);v3 = atoi(v0 + 1);*strchr(s, 58) = 0;}mainCommSock = socket(2, 1, 0);return connectTimeout(mainCommSock, s, v3, 30) == 0;
}.data:0001B108 E4 19 01 00                   commServer DCD aEchoByethost51          ; DATA XREF: initConnection+8C↑o
.data:0001B108                                                                       ; .text:off_10C2C↑o
.data:0001B108                                                                       ; "echo.byethost51.com"

在initConnection函数中进行链接建立操作, 可以分析出端口和地址

import hashlibflag = hashlib.md5(b'echo.byethost51.com:36667')
print('flag{' + flag.hexdigest() + '}')

[网鼎杯 2020 青龙组]jocker

在这里插入图片描述

// positive sp value has been detected, the output may be wrong!
int __cdecl main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp)
{char Str[50]; // [esp+12h] [ebp-96h] BYREFchar Destination[80]; // [esp+44h] [ebp-64h] BYREFDWORD flOldProtect; // [esp+94h] [ebp-14h] BYREFsize_t v7; // [esp+98h] [ebp-10h]int i; // [esp+9Ch] [ebp-Ch]__main();puts("please input you flag:");if ( !VirtualProtect(encrypt, 0xC8u, 4u, &flOldProtect) )exit(1);scanf("%40s", Str);v7 = strlen(Str);if ( v7 != 24 ){puts("Wrong!");exit(0);}strcpy(Destination, Str);wrong(Str);omg(Str);for ( i = 0; i <= 186; ++i )*((_BYTE *)encrypt + i) ^= 0x41u;if ( encrypt(Destination) )finally(Destination);return 0;
}char *__cdecl wrong(char *a1)
{char *result; // eaxint i; // [esp+Ch] [ebp-4h]for ( i = 0; i <= 23; ++i ){result = &a1[i];if ( (i & 1) != 0 )a1[i] -= i;elsea1[i] ^= i;}return result;
}int __cdecl omg(char *str)
{int testval[24]; // [esp+18h] [ebp-80h] BYREFint i; // [esp+78h] [ebp-20h]int success; // [esp+7Ch] [ebp-1Ch]success = 1;qmemcpy(testval, &unk_4030C0, sizeof(testval));for ( i = 0; i <= 23; ++i ){if ( str[i] != testval[i] )success = 0;}if ( success == 1 )return puts("hahahaha_do_you_find_me?");elsereturn puts("wrong ~~ But seems a little program");
}

wrong和omg函数逻辑很简单, 测试的数组也是硬编码的, 不过逆回去之后会发现是假的flag, 所以关键处理逻辑就是encrypt函数了
main函数虽然SP不对, 但是IDA7.7可以直接F5, 大概看一下逻辑也能看懂, 只有encrypt函数不能反编译, 因为上面的for循环是做代码修改的, 可以IDAPython修改回去;
也可以动调然后dump出来
在这里插入图片描述

拿到dump得到exe, 拖进IDA分析encrypt

int __cdecl start(int a1)
{int v2[19]; // [esp+1Ch] [ebp-6Ch] BYREFint v3; // [esp+68h] [ebp-20h]int i; // [esp+6Ch] [ebp-1Ch]v3 = 1;qmemcpy(v2, &unk_403040, sizeof(v2));for ( i = 0; i <= 18; ++i ){if ( (char)(*(_BYTE *)(i + a1) ^ aHahahahaDoYouF[i]) != v2[i] ){puts("wrong ~");v3 = 0;exit(0);}}puts("come here");return v3;
}

就是和aHahahahaDoYouF数组进行xor, 直接REV

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;unsigned char testvals[] =
{14,   0,   0,   0,  13,   0,   0,   0,   9,   0, 0,   0,   6,   0,   0,   0,  19,   0,   0,   0, 5,   0,   0,   0,  88,   0,   0,   0,  86,   0, 0,   0,  62,   0,   0,   0,   6,   0,   0,   0, 12,   0,   0,   0,  60,   0,   0,   0,  31,   0, 0,   0,  87,   0,   0,   0,  20,   0,   0,   0, 107,   0,   0,   0,  87,   0,   0,   0,  89,   0, 0,   0,  13,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, 0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, 0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, 0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, 0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, 0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, 102,   0, 0,   0, 107,   0,   0,   0,  99,   0,   0,   0, 100,   0,   0,   0, 127,   0,   0,   0,  97,   0, 0,   0, 103,   0,   0,   0, 100,   0,   0,   0, 59,   0,   0,   0,  86,   0,   0,   0, 107,   0, 0,   0,  97,   0,   0,   0, 123,   0,   0,   0, 38,   0,   0,   0,  59,   0,   0,   0,  80,   0, 0,   0,  99,   0,   0,   0,  95,   0,   0,   0, 77,   0,   0,   0,  90,   0,   0,   0, 113,   0, 0,   0,  12,   0,   0,   0,  55,   0,   0,   0, 102,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, 0,   0
};int main() 
{char xorvals[] = "hahahaha_do_you_find_me?";string flag = "";for (int i = 0; i < 19; ++i){flag += xorvals[i] ^ testvals[i * 4];}cout << flag << endl;
}

但是只有19位, 还差5位, 在dump出来的程序中再找找发现sub_40159A函数

int __cdecl sub_40159A(int a1)
{unsigned int v1; // eaxchar v3[9]; // [esp+13h] [ebp-15h] BYREFint v4; // [esp+1Ch] [ebp-Ch]strcpy(v3, "%tp&:");v1 = time(0);srand(v1);v4 = rand() % 100;v3[6] = 0;*(_WORD *)&v3[7] = 0;if ( (v3[(unsigned __int8)v3[5]] != *(_BYTE *)((unsigned __int8)v3[5] + a1)) == v4 )return puts("Really??? Did you find it?OMG!!!");elsereturn puts("I hide the last part, you will not succeed!!!");
}

没啥固定逻辑, 剩下5位就摁猜, 因为知道最后一个字符是}, 然后v3 == "%tp&:", 盲猜也是xor, 而且':' ^ '}' == 71

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;int main() 
{char xorvals[] = "\%tp&:";string flag = "flag{d07abccf8a410c";for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){flag += xorvals[i] ^ 71;}cout << flag << endl;
}

[FlareOn5]Minesweeper Championship Registration

jadx打开, 看到InviteValidator

package defpackage;import java.awt.Component;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;/* renamed from: InviteValidator  reason: default package */
public class InviteValidator {public static void main(String[] args) {String response = JOptionPane.showInputDialog((Component) null, "Enter your invitation code:", "Minesweeper Championship 2018", 3);if (response.equals("GoldenTicket2018@flare-on.com")) {JOptionPane.showMessageDialog((Component) null, "Welcome to the Minesweeper Championship 2018!\nPlease enter the following code to the ctfd.flare-on.com website to compete:\n\n" + response, "Success!", -1);} else {JOptionPane.showMessageDialog((Component) null, "Incorrect invitation code. Please try again next year.", "Failure", 0);}}
}

[羊城杯 2020]easyre

在这里插入图片描述

int __cdecl main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp)
{int v3; // eaxint v4; // eaxint v5; // eaxchar Str[48]; // [rsp+20h] [rbp-60h] BYREFchar Str1[64]; // [rsp+50h] [rbp-30h] BYREFchar v9[64]; // [rsp+90h] [rbp+10h] BYREFchar v10[64]; // [rsp+D0h] [rbp+50h] BYREFchar Str2[60]; // [rsp+110h] [rbp+90h] BYREFint v12; // [rsp+14Ch] [rbp+CCh] BYREF_main();strcpy(Str2, "EmBmP5Pmn7QcPU4gLYKv5QcMmB3PWHcP5YkPq3=cT6QckkPckoRG");puts("Hello, please input your flag and I will tell you whether it is right or not.");scanf("%38s", Str);if ( strlen(Str) != 38|| (v3 = strlen(Str), (unsigned int)encode_one(Str, v3, v10, &v12))|| (v4 = strlen(v10), (unsigned int)encode_two(v10, v4, v9, &v12))|| (v5 = strlen(v9), (unsigned int)encode_three(v9, v5, Str1, &v12))|| strcmp(Str1, Str2) ){printf("Something wrong. Keep going.");return 0;}else{puts("you are right!");return 0;}
}__int64 __fastcall encode_one(char *a1, int a2, char *a3, int *a4)
{int v5; // esiint v6; // esiint v7; // esiint v8; // [rsp+34h] [rbp-1Ch]int v9; // [rsp+38h] [rbp-18h]int v11; // [rsp+48h] [rbp-8h]int i; // [rsp+4Ch] [rbp-4h]unsigned __int8 *v13; // [rsp+70h] [rbp+20h]v13 = (unsigned __int8 *)a1;if ( !a1 || !a2 )return 0xFFFFFFFFi64;v11 = 0;if ( a2 % 3 )v11 = 3 - a2 % 3;v9 = a2 + v11;v8 = 8 * (a2 + v11) / 6;for ( i = 0; i < v9; i += 3 ){*a3 = alphabet[(char)*v13 >> 2];if ( a2 + v11 - 3 == i && v11 ){if ( v11 == 1 ){v5 = (char)cmove_bits(*v13, 6u, 2u);a3[1] = alphabet[v5 + (char)cmove_bits(v13[1], 0, 4u)];a3[2] = alphabet[(char)cmove_bits(v13[1], 4u, 2u)];a3[3] = 61;}else if ( v11 == 2 ){a3[1] = alphabet[(char)cmove_bits(*v13, 6u, 2u)];a3[2] = 61;a3[3] = 61;}}else{v6 = (char)cmove_bits(*v13, 6u, 2u);a3[1] = alphabet[v6 + (char)cmove_bits(v13[1], 0, 4u)];v7 = (char)cmove_bits(v13[1], 4u, 2u);a3[2] = alphabet[v7 + (char)cmove_bits(v13[2], 0, 6u)];a3[3] = alphabet[v13[2] & 0x3F];}a3 += 4;v13 += 3;}if ( a4 )*a4 = v8;return 0i64;
}__int64 __fastcall encode_two(const char *a1, int a2, char *a3, int *a4)
{if ( !a1 || !a2 )return 0xFFFFFFFFi64;strncpy(a3, a1 + 26, 0xDui64);strncpy(a3 + 13, a1, 0xDui64);strncpy(a3 + 26, a1 + 39, 0xDui64);strncpy(a3 + 39, a1 + 13, 0xDui64);return 0i64;
}__int64 __fastcall encode_three(const char *a1, int a2, char *a3, int *a4)
{char v5; // [rsp+Fh] [rbp-11h]int i; // [rsp+14h] [rbp-Ch]const char *v8; // [rsp+30h] [rbp+10h]v8 = a1;if ( !a1 || !a2 )return 0xFFFFFFFFi64;for ( i = 0; i < a2; ++i ){v5 = *v8;if ( *v8 <= '@' || v5 > 'Z' ){if ( v5 <= '`' || v5 > 'z' ){if ( v5 <= '/' || v5 > '9' )*a3 = v5;else*a3 = (v5 - '0' + 3) % 10 + '0';}else{*a3 = (v5 - 'a' + 3) % 26 + 'a';}}else{*a3 = (v5 - 'A' + 3) % 26 + 'A';}++a3;++v8;}return 0i64;
}

从后往前逆, encode_three是数字和字母移位置换3位, encode_two是每13位数据进行置换, encode_one是base64(看alphabet猜的)
REV

import base64testval = 'EmBmP5Pmn7QcPU4gLYKv5QcMmB3PWHcP5YkPq3=cT6QckkPckoRG'
print(len(testval))
testval = list(testval)for i in range(len(testval)):tmp = testval[i]if not str.isalnum(tmp): continueif str.isalpha(tmp):if str.isupper(tmp):testval[i] = chr(((ord(tmp) - ord('A') - 3) % 26) + ord('A'))else:testval[i] = chr(((ord(tmp) - ord('a') - 3) % 26) + ord('a'))else:testval[i] = chr(((ord(tmp) - ord('0') - 3) % 10) + ord('0'))print(''.join(testval))tempval = [' ' for _ in range(52)]
tempval[13:26] = testval[39:]
tempval[39:] = testval[26:39]
tempval[:13] = testval[13:26]
tempval[26:39] = testval[:13]print(tempval)
tempval = ''.join(tempval)
print(tempval)
flag = base64.b64decode(tempval.encode('utf-8'))
print(flag.decode('utf-8'))

注意 - 写脚本时踩的坑:
%的优先级大于+-;
python3解码base64时, 字符都为unicode编码, 而b64decode函数的参数为byte类型, 所以必须先转码.
还有如果用列表的切片赋值, 会出错, 原因在于浅拷贝, 比如

tempval = testval
testval[13:26] = tempval[39:]
testval[39:] = tempval[26:39]
testval[:13] = tempval[13:26]
testval[26:39] = tempval[:13]

findKey

firmware

[网鼎杯 2020 青龙组]jocker

[FlareOn5]Minesweeper Championship Registration

[羊城杯 2020]easyre

相关文章：