【Git】git命令（全）

1、本地操作

• Linux安装git：yum install git
• 查看git版本 git version
• 查看git设置 git config --list
• 设置git属性 git config --global
• 初始化git仓库：git init
• 初始化git用户邮箱：git config --global user.email “[e-mail]”
• 初始化git用户姓名：git config --global user.name “rice_van”
• 添加到仓库：git add filename.txt
• 提交到仓库：git commit -m “change messages”
• 查看仓库状态：git status
• 查看工作区修改区别：git diff
• 查看工作区文件区别：git diff HEAD – filename.txt
• 查看版本记录：git log
• 查看简洁记录：git log --pretty=oneline
• 查看命令记录：git reflog

2、版本管理

版本库提交流程：

• 第一步是用git add把文件添加进去，实际上就是把文件修改添加到暂存区；
• 第二步是用git commit提交更改，实际上就是把暂存区的所有内容提交到当前分支。
  
• 每次修改，如果不用git add到暂存区，那就不会加入到commit中
• 第一次修改 -> git add -> 第二次修改 -> git add -> git commit

• HEAD表示当前版本
• HEAD^表示上一版本，上上版本HEAD^^
• 前100次版本HEAD~100
  

• 回退最新提交：git reset --hard HEAD^ （即回到此版本的前一版本）
• 回到指定版本：git reset --hard commit_id
• 撤销暂存区修改，修改内容放回到工作区：git rest HEAD filename.txt
• 撤销工作区修改：git checkout -- filename.txt
• 回退本地误删文件：git checkout --filename.txt
• 删除仓库文件：
  git rm filename.txt
  git commit -m “remove filename.txt”

3、远端仓库

• 生成ssh秘钥：ssh-keygen -t rsa -C “[e-mail]”
• 克隆远端仓库到本地：git clone [e-mail]:xxxxx/learngit.git
• 本地关联远程仓库：git remote add origin [e-mail]:xxxxx/learngit.git
• 查看远端仓库：git remote
• 查看远程仓库信息：git remote -v
• 删除远端关联关系：git remote rm origin
• 本地修改推送远程仓库：git push origin master
• 本地修改推送远程仓库：git push -u origin master
• 推送到远端指定分支：git push origin originbranchname
• 抓取远程分支到本地：git checkout -b branchname origin/branchname
• 设置本地分支对应到远端指定分支：git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/branchname branchname
• 本地分支与远端分支名不同时：git push origin HEAD:branchname (远端名)

尽量保持本地分支名与远端分支名一致

4、分支管理

• 查看所有分支：git branch
• 创建分支：git branch branchname
• 删除分支：git branch -d branchname
• 强行删除为合并分支：git branch -D branchname
• 切换分支：git swtich branchname
• 创建并切换分支：git swtich -c branchname
• 合并到指定分支到当前分支：git merge branchname
• 禁用Fast Forward方式合并：git merge --no-ff -m “messages” branchname （删除分支后可看合并历史）
• 查看分支合并图：git log --graph
• 查看分支合并图简易：git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
• 复制commit到当前分支：git cherry-pick commitid

5、缓存stash

• 缓存修改：git stash
• 缓存并标记：git stash -m “issue-01-2023.03.20:57”
• 缓存列表：git stash list
• 应用缓存：git stash apply
• 删除缓存：git stash drop
• 应用并删除：git stash pop
• 应用某一缓存：git stash apply stash@{4}

6、遗留rebase

7、标签管理

• 标签作用：标记commit，快速查看重要提交节点
• 添加标签默认添加到当前分支的最新commit：git tag v1.0
• 添加标签到指定commit：git tag v2.0 commitid
• 添加标签与说明信息：git tag -a v3.0 -m “version 3.0 released”
• 查看所有标签：git tag
• 查看详细标签：git show v2.0
• 删除标签：git tag -d v3.0
• 推送标签到远程：git push origin v1.0
• 推送所有标签：git push origin --tags
• 删除远端标签：
  git tag -d v1.0
  git push origin :refs/tags/v1.0

8、解决冲突

• 更新本地代码：git pull
• 查看状态：git status
• 手动修改，删除冲突内容
• 重新提交：git add 、 git commit

9、参考教程

廖雪峰Git教程
Gitee教程

10、示例代码

[root@ecs-xxx ~]# git
-bash: git: command not found
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# 
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# sudo apt-get install git
sudo: apt-get: command not found
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# 
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# yum install git
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Complete!
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# git version
git version 1.8.3.1
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# whereis git
git: /usr/bin/git /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# pwd
/root
[root@ecs-xxx /]# cd home
[root@ecs-xxx home]# mkdir learngit
[root@ecs-xxx home]# cd learngit
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# pwd
/home/learngit
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/learngit/.git/
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# ls -a
.  ..  .git
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# touch readme.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# ls
readme.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# vim readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt 
Git is a version control system.
xf
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git add readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git commit -m 'wrote a readme file.'*** Please tell me who you are.Rungit config --global user.email "[e-mail]"git config --global user.name "Your Name"to set your account's default identity.
Omit --global to set the identity only in this repository.fatal: unable to auto-detect email address (got 'root@ecs-xxx.(none)')
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git config --global user.email "[e-mail]"
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git config --global user.name "xxxxxx"
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git config --list
user.email=[e-mail]
user.name=xxxxx
core.repositoryformatversion=0
core.filemode=true
core.bare=false
core.logallrefupdates=true
remote.origin.url=[e-mail]:xxxxx/learngit.git
remote.origin.fetch=+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote=origin
branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git commit -m 'wrote a readme file.'
[master (root-commit) af264a5] wrote a readme file.1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)create mode 100644 readme.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt
Git is a version control system.
xf
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# vim readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#	modified:   readme.txt
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git diff
diff --git a/readme.txt b/readme.txt
index 1a0762b..68fe139 100644
--- a/readme.txt
+++ b/readme.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@Git is a version control system.xf
+Git is free software.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git add readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#	modified:   readme.txt
#
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git commit -m "add new line"
[master 910aa81] add new line1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]#
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# vim readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git add readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git commit -m "add system time"
[master 331832a] add system time1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]#
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git log
commit af264a5ada2e059ad822d7121fa2e595129198de
Author: xxxxxx <[e-mail]>
Date:   Thu Mar 2 10:01:05 2023 +0800:
Date:   Thu Mar 2 10:06:21 2023 +0800add system timecommit 910aa81c9bade65244b9ba43a74f225dc931f22e
Author: xxxxxx <[e-mail]>
Date:   Thu Mar 2 10:03:55 2023 +0800add new linecommit af264a5ada2e059ad822d7121fa2e595129198de
Author: xxxxxx <[e-mail]>
Date:   Thu Mar 2 10:01:05 2023 +0800wrote a readme file.
[1]+  Stopped                 git log
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git log --pretty=oneline
331832aa56734d0f34517fd246ceb32b32ed20a2 add system time
910aa81c9bade65244b9ba43a74f225dc931f22e add new line
af264a5ada2e059ad822d7121fa2e595129198de wrote a readme file.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git reset --hard HEAD^
HEAD is now at 910aa81 add new line
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt 
Git is a version control system.
xf
Git is free software.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git log
commit 910aa81c9bade65244b9ba43a74f225dc931f22e
Author: xxxxxx <[e-mail]>
Date:   Thu Mar 2 10:03:55 2023 +0800add new linecommit af264a5ada2e059ad822d7121fa2e595129198de
Author: xxxxxx <[e-mail]>
Date:   Thu Mar 2 10:01:05 2023 +0800wrote a readme file.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# [root@ecs-xxx learngit]# touch license.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# vim license.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
#	license.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# vim readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt
Git is a version control system.
xf
Git is free software.
2023/3/2
Git has a mutable index called stage.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#	modified:   readme.txt
#
# Untracked files:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
#	license.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git add readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git add license.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#	new file:   license.txt
#	modified:   readme.txt
#
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git commit -m "add new file license.txt"
[master 40b3936] add new file license.txt2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)create mode 100644 license.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt 
Git is a version control system.
xf
Git is free software.
2023/3/2
Git has a mutable index called stage.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# vi readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt 
Git is a version control system.
xf
Git is free software.
2023/3/2
Git has a mutable index called stage.
My stupid boss.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#	modified:   readme.txt
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git checkout -- readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt 
Git is a version control system.
xf
Git is free software.
2023/3/2
Git has a mutable index called stage.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# vi readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt 
Git is a version control system.
xf
Git is free software.
2023/3/2
Git has a mutable index called stage.
Fuck!!
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#	modified:   readme.txt
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git add readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#	modified:   readme.txt
#
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git reset HEAD readme.txt 
Unstaged changes after reset:
M	readme.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt 
Git is a version control system.
xf
Git is free software.
2023/3/2
Git has a mutable index called stage.
Fuck!!
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#	modified:   readme.txt
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git checkout -- readme.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# cat readme.txt 
Git is a version control system.
xf
Git is free software.
2023/3/2
Git has a mutable index called stage.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# touch test.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
#	test.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git add test.txt 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git commit -m "add test.txt"
[master cd18992] add test.txt1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)create mode 100644 test.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# rm test.txt 
rm: remove regular empty file ‘test.txt’? y
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# ls
license.txt  readme.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#	deleted:    test.txt
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git checkout -- test.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# ls
license.txt  readme.txt  test.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-fjx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-fjx learngit]# git reflog
6aca85e HEAD@{0}: rebase finished: returning to refs/heads/master
6aca85e HEAD@{1}: pull --rebase origin master: add test.txt
1149b68 HEAD@{2}: pull --rebase origin master: add new file license.txt
283dd5f HEAD@{3}: pull --rebase origin master: add system time
92808ba HEAD@{4}: pull --rebase origin master: add new line
2b29c43 HEAD@{5}: pull --rebase origin master: wrote a readme file.
58bbad5 HEAD@{6}: checkout: moving from master to 58bbad55beedbb8e07a334b18dcf0694ab6fa291^0
cd18992 HEAD@{7}: commit: add test.txt
40b3936 HEAD@{8}: commit: add new file license.txt
331832a HEAD@{9}: reset: moving to 331832
910aa81 HEAD@{10}: reset: moving to HEAD^
331832a HEAD@{11}: commit: add system time
910aa81 HEAD@{12}: commit: add new line
af264a5 HEAD@{13}: commit (initial): wrote a readme file.
[root@ecs-fjx learngit]# [root@ecs-xxx ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "[e-mail]"
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX [e-mail]
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----++----[SHA256]-----+
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# 
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# ls -a
.   .bash_history  .bash_profile  .cshrc      .history           .pki  .tcshrc
..  .bash_logout   .bashrc        .gitconfig  mirrors_source.sh  .ssh  .viminfo
[root@ecs-xxx ~]# cd .ssh
[root@ecs-xxx .ssh]# ls 
authorized_keys  id_rsa  id_rsa.pub
[root@ecs-xxx .ssh]# cat id_rsa.pub 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git remote add origin [e-mail]:xxxxx/learngit.git
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git remote -v
origin	[e-mail]:xxxxx/learngit.git (fetch)
origin	[e-mail]:xxxxx/learngit.git (push)
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# [root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git pull
warning: no common commits
remote: Enumerating objects: 4, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (4/4), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
remote: Total 4 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done.
From gitee.com:xxxxx/learngit* [new branch]      develop    -> origin/develop* [new branch]      feature    -> origin/feature* [new branch]      master     -> origin/master* [new branch]      release    -> origin/release
There is no tracking information for the current branch.
Please specify which branch you want to merge with.
See git-pull(1) for detailsgit pull <remote> <branch>If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with:git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/<branch> master[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# ls 
license.txt  readme.txt  test.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git push -u origin master
Warning: Permanently added the ECDSA host key for IP address '212.64.63.190' to the list of known hosts.
To [e-mail]:xxxxx/learngit.git! [rejected]        master -> master (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to '[e-mail]:xxxxx/learngit.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Merge the remote changes (e.g. 'git pull')
hint: before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git pull --reabse origin master
error: unknown option `reabse'
usage: git fetch [<options>] [<repository> [<refspec>...]]or: git fetch [<options>] <group>or: git fetch --multiple [<options>] [(<repository> | <group>)...]or: git fetch --all [<options>]-v, --verbose         be more verbose-q, --quiet           be more quiet--all                 fetch from all remotes-a, --append          append to .git/FETCH_HEAD instead of overwriting--upload-pack <path>  path to upload pack on remote end-f, --force           force overwrite of local branch-m, --multiple        fetch from multiple remotes-t, --tags            fetch all tags and associated objects-n                    do not fetch all tags (--no-tags)-p, --prune           prune remote-tracking branches no longer on remote--recurse-submodules[=<on-demand>]control recursive fetching of submodules--dry-run             dry run-k, --keep            keep downloaded pack-u, --update-head-ok  allow updating of HEAD ref--progress            force progress reporting--depth <depth>       deepen history of shallow clone--unshallow           convert to a complete repository[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git pull --rebase origin master
From gitee.com:xxxxx/learngit* branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
Applying: wrote a readme file.
Applying: add new line
Applying: add system time
Applying: add new file license.txt
Applying: add test.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# ls 
license.txt  README.en.md  README.md  readme.txt  test.txt
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# 
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]# git push -u origin master
Counting objects: 17, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (13/13), done.
Writing objects: 100% (16/16), 1.32 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 16 (delta 6), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To [e-mail]:xxxxx/learngit.git58bbad5..6aca85e  master -> master
Branch master set up to track remote branch master from origin.
[root@ecs-xxx learngit]#