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HarmonyOS应用开发-搭建开发环境

news 2026/2/8 14:27:21

本文介绍如何搭建 HarmonyOS 应用的开发环境，介绍下载安装 DevEco Studio 开发工具和 SDK 的详细流程。华为鸿蒙 DevEco Studio 是面向全场景的一站式集成开发环境，面向全场景多设备，提供一站式的分布式应用开发平台，支持分布式多端开发、分布式多端调测、多端模拟仿真，提供全方位的质量与安全保障。

一、下载安装 DevEco Studio

1、官网下载 DevEco Studio

官网：HUAWEI DevEco Studio和SDK下载和升级 | HarmonyOS开发者
下载 DevEco Studio 3.1.1 Release 最新版本。

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下载完成后我们解压压缩包，点击启动exe安装程序。

2、安装 DevEco Studio

启动安装exe程序，进入安装界面欢迎页。
我们点击Next下一步。

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选择安装路径，这里根据大家自己的喜好选择路径安装即可，需要2GB的存储空间。

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下一步，我们勾选 “生成快捷方式” 和 “添加到path环境变量” 。

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这里默认文件夹名，点击安装。

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完成安装，需要对电脑重启。

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二、启动 DevEco Studio

1、安装 Node.js 和 ohpm

首次运行 DevEco Studio 会来到这个页面。
HarmonyOS应用开发需要我们的电脑上安装 Node.js 和 ohpm (鸿蒙生态三方库的包管理工具)
这里华为官方提供了镜像，如果本机上之前没有装过，直接勾选 install 然后下一步即可。

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2、安装HarmonyOS SDK

基础组件安装后，我们需要安装HarmonyOS的SDK。HarmonyOS SDK提供应用及服务开发所需的一系列系统开放能力，包括框架、Ability、分布式服务、安全、方舟编译器、HMS Core、基础软件服务、硬件服务等。

这里选择安装路径即可，我直接默认路径，点击下一步。

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这个页面展示了所有需要安装的包，点击下一步安装。

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几分钟后安装完成。

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三、新建测试项目

1、通过模板创建项目

我们选择 Empty Ability 模板新建一个测试项目。

Empty Ability 模板是一个空白模板，它支持手机、平板、手表等多种鸿蒙终端运行。

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2、勾选Stage模式

勾选Stage模式。Satge模式已经是 API 9 之后的默认勾选模式。

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这里科普一下FA模型和Stage模型的区别：

API 8及以前的接口基于FA模型提供；从API 9开始，OpenHarmony主推Stage模型。 FA模型与Stage模型是两套不同的应用模型，他们拥有各自的组件。

FA模型：OpenHarmony API 7开始支持的模型，提供三种应用组件，分别是PageAbility、ServiceAbility和DataAbility。
Stage模型：OpenHarmony API 9开始新增的模型，是目前主推且会长期演进的模型。在该模型中，由于提供了AbilityStage、WindowStage等类作为应用组件和Window窗口的“舞台”，因此称这种应用模型为Stage模型。提供了两种应用组件，分别是UIAbility和ExtensionAbility。

3、勾选低代码开发选项

开启Super Visual低代码模式，这可以帮助我们快速建立起一个应用。

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低代码开发是DevEco Studio为HarmonyOS开发者提供的可视化页面的开发方式，具备丰富的UI页面编辑能力，开发者可以在图形化的用户界面上自由拖拽组件、完成数据的参数化配置，还能实时预览开发页面的效果，所见即所得。

低代码开发效果示例：

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低代码开发为我们开发者提供了UI界面开箱即用的组件，通过简单拖、拉、拽和可视化数据绑定的操作方式，快速开发用户界面。不仅可以减少键入的代码量，降低开发成本，还提升了页面开发效率，助力高效开发。

四、运行测试项目

1、创建测试页面

这里我通过低代码组件随便做了一个登录页。我们低代码组件的改动体现在index.visual上。

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index.visual代码我提供出来给大家参考：

{"document": {"VisualVersion": "12","type": "ETS","custom": false,"path": "/entry/src/main/supervisual/pages/Index"},"visualModel": {"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"width": "100%","height": "100%"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"width": "100%","height": "100%","justify-content-rc": "center","position": "absolute","top": "0vp","left": "0vp","border-bottom-color": "#4a4a4a","border-bottom-width": "1vp"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"position": "absolute","top": "95vp","width": "100%","height": "100vp","display-priority": "0","align-items-row": "center","justify-content-rc": "center"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"width": "100vp","height": "100vp","align": "center","top": "0vp","background-image-size": "auto","position": "relative","src": "$r('app.media.icon')","left": "0%"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "image1","type": "image"}}],"id": "row3","type": "row"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "50vp","width": "100%","left": "0vp","top": "200vp","border-top-right-radius": "0vp","content": "登录界面","font-size": "26fp","font-weight": "medium","font-family": "sans-serif","text-align": "center","text-overflow": "clip","position": "absolute"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text1","type": "text"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "30vp","width": "100%","left": "0vp","top": "250vp","content": "登录帐号以使用更多服务","font-size": "14fp","text-align": "center","font-color": "#8c8c8c","position": "absolute"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text2","type": "text"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "50vp","width": "100%","left": "0vp","top": "328vp","position": "absolute","placeholder": "邮箱/手机号/用户名","margin-bottom": "0vp","padding-top": "0vp","border-bottom-width": "1vp","border-bottom-color": "#4a4a4a","background-color": "#ffffff"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text-input1","type": "text-input"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "50vp","width": "100%","left": "0vp","top": "380vp","position": "absolute","placeholder": "密码","textInput-type": "Password","background-color": "#ffffff","border-bottom-width": "1vp","border-bottom-color": "#4a4a4a"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text-input2","type": "text-input"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"position": "absolute","top": "430vp","left": "5%","width": "90%","height": "30vp"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "30vp","width": "50%","position": "absolute","top": "0px","left": "50%","text-align": "end","content": "忘记密码","font-size": "14fp"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text3","type": "text"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "30vp","width": "50%","text-align": "start","position": "absolute","content": "短信验证码登录","font-size": "14fp","top": "0vp","left": "0%"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text4","type": "text"}}],"id": "row1","type": "row"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"position": "absolute","top": "92%","left": "5%","height": "8%","width": "90%"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "100%","width": "33.3%","position": "absolute"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text7","type": "text"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "100%","width": "33.4%","position": "absolute"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text9","type": "text"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "100%","width": "33.3%","text-align": "end","position": "absolute"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text8","type": "text"}}],"id": "row2","type": "row"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"width": "90%","height": "40vp","label": "登录","font-size": "20fp","position": "absolute","top": "530vp","left": "5%"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "button1","type": "button"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "30vp","width": "100%","content": "注册账号","text-align": "center","font-size": "14fp","position": "absolute","top": "570vp","left": "0vp"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text5","type": "text"}},{"dataType": "VisualModel","value": {"propertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"mediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"dynamicMediaPropertyStorage": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {"height": "4%","width": "100%","text-align": "center","font-size": "14fp","position": "absolute","top": "88%","left": "0vp","content": "其他方式登录","align": "center"}},"dynamicProperty": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"children": [],"id": "text6","type": "text"}}],"id": "column1","type": "column"}}],"id": "wrapper","type": "column"}},"formData": {"data": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"actions": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}}},"customData": {"property": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}},"event": {"dataType": "Map","value": {}}}
}

我们点击运行按钮，会让我们选择运行设备，这里的设备都是模拟器，需要安装，我们先进入设备管理器安装设备。

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