[230501] 4月29日考试真题第一篇｜Temporary Pools

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目录​​​​​​​

Temporary Pools

题目

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Temporary Pools

Paragraph 1: Temporary pools are freshwater habitats that retain water for only three to four months of the year or even shorter periods: typically for some eight or nine months they are dry basins without surface water. At the latitude of Canada’s southern Ontario, for example, the basin of a typical temporary pool fills with water when the snow melts in March and April. Because temporary pools (by definition) have neither a surface inlet nor outlet, the water steadily recedes through evaporation and seepage into the surrounding soil, disappearing altogether from the surface in June or July. Most of the animal residents one sees in temporary pools are aquatic insects such as caddis flies, whose larvae (wingless, immature insects) are sometimes the most conspicuous【Q1】 animals in these communities.

retain        v.保持，保留；保存，储存；记住；付定金聘定（尤指律师）；留用（员工）

basin        n.盆；洗涤槽；流域；盆地，海盆；内港，内湾

surface

inlet         n.小湖湾，小河湾；（空气、气体或液体进入机器等的）进口，入口；（主要指成衣业及女装业）嵌片

outlet        n.（情绪或精力的）发泄方式，发泄途径；排出口；商店，分销点；廉价经销店；从事大众媒体行业的公司；<美>电源插座        

recede        v.逐渐远离，渐渐退去；（质量）下降，（问题或疾病等）逐渐减弱；（前额的头发）脱落；（面部特征）向后倾斜；（常指牙龈因为感染）萎缩

seepage        n.[流] 渗流；渗漏；渗液

aquatic        adj.水生的，水栖的；与水生动植物有关的；水的，水上的​​​​​​​

caddis fly

larvae        n.幼虫，幼体（larva 的复数）

Paragraph 2: At least two advantages to living in this type of habitat can be recognized. One involves predation. Fish are major predators of aquatic insects and other small freshwater creatures; however fish, at least in temperate regions over much of North America, are unable to survive the dry phase, and hence are eliminated from temporary pools. 【Q2】Predatory insects such as aquatic beetles and bugs and dragonfly nymphs do live in temporary pools, but there are far fewer species, and therefore a less efficient predator population than in permanent waters. Moreover, populations of the invertebrate predators in temporary pools have to develop anew every year from colonizing adults or from drought-resistant eggs. All of this means that the impact of predation is reduced for aquatic animals that have adaptations to survive the dry phase of temporary pools.【Q3】

二三段解释居住在temporary pools的两个优势：

优势1⃣️ 捕食

鱼--(捕食)-->水生昆虫和小的淡水生物

因果关系：鱼在干旱时期会死掉——>捕食者种类数量都很少相比较于permanent water

不过aquatic animals已经越来越适应temporary pools干旱时期的生存方式了

紫色高亮部分为生词

far fewer         少得多的

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aquatic        adj. 水生的;水栖的;水的;水中的;水上的

beetle        n.甲虫

overmuch        大部分

bug        n.昆虫；虫子

dragonfly nymph        n.蜻蜓蛹

invertebrate        adj.无脊椎的；无骨气的 n.无脊椎动物；无骨气的人

anew        adv.重新，再

drought- resistant        adj.抗旱的

predation        n.捕食；（动物的）捕猎行为

Paragraph 3: A second advantage is concerned with nutrition and growth. Temporary pools, especially in wooded sites, are fueled primarily by the energy and nutrients stored in fallen leaves and other decomposing plant detritus (nonliving matter that originated from plants). Furthermore, the dry phase of temporary pools usually supports a community of specialized herbaceous plants that can tolerate springtime flooding but grow rapidly in moist, organically enriched soil after surface water disappears. These plants contribute to the detrital base every year. Although the food web is based mainly on detritus, the processes of decomposition in temporary pools are somewhat different from those in the detritus-based communities of streams and the shore zones of lakes. Detritus decomposes faster when exposed to air during dry periods and has a higher protein content upon flooding in spring than when submerged continuously in permanent water. The reason for this difference is that the terrestrial fungi causing the decomposition of plant detritus in the absence of surface water flourish where oxygen is not limited. In permanent waters, where detrital materials are covered by water, oxygen is not plentiful and decomposition is brought about by aquatic fungi and bacteria, which do not grow as abundantly as terrestrial fungi.【Q5】 Colonizing terrestrial fungi contribute much of the protein of decomposing plant materials, and in feeding experiments, limnephilid caddis fly larvae of temporary pools showed a preference for decaying leaves with higher protein levels.【Q6】 Consequently, rapid development, which is so important to animals in transient waters, would be enhanced by the protein-rich detritus as well as by the higher summer temperatures of small bodies of water.【Q4】

优势2⃣️

营养物质和生长

落叶、腐烂分解的植物碎屑

enrich soil

food web       [生态] 食物网，食物链；食物循环

decompose   v.腐烂；分解 / decomposing decompose现在分词形式 / decomposition    n.分解，腐烂；变质

detritus        n.风化物；残渣；碎石；垃圾；废物

detrital        adj.碎屑的；由岩屑形成的

herbaceous        adj.草本的；绿色的；叶状的

terrestrial fungi        陆地上的真菌

fungi        n.真菌；菌类；蘑菇

limnephilid        n.沼石蛾

transient        adj.转瞬即逝的；短暂的

Paragraph 4: These principles have led to some practical applications. An increase in productivity following a dry phase underlies the practice in wetland management of alternately draining and flooding wetlands. 【Q8】■ Aquatic birds such as ducks feed on larval caddis flies and other aquatic invertebrates and also on plants; the increased nutrient levels resulting from exposure of more of the bottom detritus to air and terrestrial fungi enhance productivity throughout the food web. ■ By the seventeenth century, fish farmers in Europe had learned that periodically 【Q7】leaving ponds dry and empty of fish yielded higher productivity in controlled ponds of carp fish than did constant water levels. ■ Through manipulation of water levels, the ponds were wintered as dry basins and periodically over a full year as well – practices that led to increased production of fish. In retrospect then, it appears that after centuries of experimentation to increase productivity in marshes and fish ponds, humans succeeded in duplicating the natural cycle of temporary pools. ■【Q9句子插入题】

underlies        v. 构成…的基础；作为…的原因

wetland        n.湿地；沼泽地

alternately        adv.交替地；间隔地；轮流地

larval        adj.幼虫的；幼虫状态的；潜在的；隐蔽的

carp        n.鲤鱼；抱怨；鲤科属鱼        v.吹毛求疵

manipulation        n.操纵；推拿；（熟练的）控制，使用；（对账目等的）伪造，篡改；（对储存在计算机上的信息的）操作，处理

retrospect        n.回顾，回想        v.回顾，追溯

marshes        n.[地理]沼泽（marsh 的复数）

duplicate

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题目

【1】 The word “conspicuous” in the passage is closest in meaning to 

A. active

B. destructive 

C. long-lived 

D. noticeable

conspicuous        adj. 引人注目的;明显的;易见的;惹人注意的

noticeable        adj.显而易见的，明显的；值得注意的

A：选D✅

【2】 Why does the author mention that fish “are unable to survive the dry phase” in temporary pools over much of North America?

A. To explain why predatory insects such as aquatic beetles and bugs and dragonfly nymphs are attracted to temporary pools

B. To make the point that temporary ponds are more advantageous for predatory insects than for fish

C. To explain why the population of fish in temporary pools must be replaced each year

D. To give one reason why small creatures in temporary pools experience relatively little predation

错选B❎

正解D✅

定位：第二段（绿色高亮部分为解题关键信息）

A.无中生有

B.没有表明优势&劣势关系

C.没有提到replace替代

D.✅

【3】Paragraph 2 suggests that predatory insects in permanent waters are likely to

A. live mainly in temperate regions in NorthAmerica

B. be more numerous and efficient than predatory insects in temporary pools 

C. send groups of colonizing adults to new areas each year

D. have adaptations that prevent aquatic animals from eating them

推理判断题： temporary pools推理判断出permanent waters

predatory insects        捕食性昆虫

A：temporary pools的特征

B：✅

C：temporary pools中采取的措施

D：temporary pools的特征

【4】Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. As a result, protein-rich detritus develops rapidly in the high summer temperatures of smaller bodies of water, helping transient animals.

B. As a result, the rapid development of protein-rich detritus improves animals’ ability to survive the higher summer temperatures of small bodies of water.

C. As a result, in smaller pools of water, where faster development is important, higher temperatures and protein-rich detritus help animals to develop quickly.

D. As a result, the rapid development of animals in transient waters would enhance the protein-rich detritus of these smaller bodies of water.  

错选B❎

正解C✅

方法：

1. 找主干

2. 找逻辑词

3. 找考点

【5】Paragraph 3 suggests that decomposition happens faster in temporary pools than in permanent water because

A.the specialized plants in temporary pools are easier for fungi to process 

B.the high protein content of detritus in temporary pools attracts fungi

C.the higher oxygen levels of dry temporary pools allow more fungi to grow

D.the detrital materials covered by permanent water cannot support fungi

​​​​​​​plants        n. 植物；发电厂

选C✅

【6】According to paragraph 3, which of the following environments would provide the best food for limnephilid caddis fly larvae（毛蛾幼虫​​​​​​​）?

A.Streams and the shore zones of lakes

B.Permanent waters with aquatic fungi and bacteria

C.Water containing detritus decomposed by terrestrial fungi 

D.Smaller bodies of water with low oxygen levels

选C✅

【7】The word “periodically” in the passage is closest in meaning to 

A. occasionally

B. completely 

C.intentionally 

D.briefly

选A✅

periodically=occasionally

adv.定期地，周期性地；偶尔，间歇 ～～～adv.偶然，偶尔

【8】 According to paragraph 4, why are wetlands alternately drained and flooded in wetland management?

A.To limit the dry phases that interrupt and delay productivity

B.To control the number of harmful insects located in such wetlands

C.To increase the ability of farms to produce large crops of plants

D.To provide more nutrition for the animals in such wetlands

wetland management为第三段principle原理的实际应用

选D✅

【9】Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Alternate draining and flooding has also been used in aquatic farming.

Where would the sentence best fit?

错选B❎

正解A✅

aquatic farming水产养殖

ducks、invertebrates、plants在第一句话中已经被提及

【10】Prose Summary

Temporary pools are freshwater habitats that typically hold water for only part of the year.

A. The larvae of many aquatic insects prefer the more dependable supply of low-level protein provided by terrestrial fungi in temporary pools to the high-level protein provided by aquatic fungi and bacteria.

B. Small aquatic animals in temporary pools face relatively little predation because fish cannot survive dry periods there and fewer predatory insects are adapted to live in such places.

C. Because of their abundant terrestrial fungi and higher oxygen levels during dry times, temporary pools provide their inhabitants with better nutrition than permanent waters do.

D. Decomposition takes longer in temporary pools than in permanent waters but often produce significant amounts of nutritious, high-protein detritus.

E. Every year, colonizing adults and drought-resistant eggs present during early flooding are more vulnerable to predators than aquatic animals that survive the dry phase of temporary pools.

F. By observing nature, people have learned the value of alternately draining and flooding areas and have applied this lesson to places where it does not occur naturally.

选B✅

E❎——> C✅

F✅

E：

每年，在洪水早期出现的成虫和抗旱的卵比在临时水池的干燥期存活下来的水生动物更容易受到捕食者的攻击。

C：

由于它们丰富的陆生真菌和在干旱时期更高的氧气水平，临时水池为它们的居民提供了比永久水域更好的营养。