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05. 1. 位操作

计数器实验升级，设计8个LED灯以每个0.5s的速率循环闪烁（跑马灯）

1.1 方法1：使用移位操作符<<来控制led灯的循环亮灭

设计代码

1. Verilog中，判断操作的时候不加位宽限定是可以的，比如if（counter == 24999999）或者if（counter == 25’d24999999）都可以，但是在赋值的时候要加，比如counter <= counter + 1’d1；（赋0可以不加）

2. [7:0] led，led有八个，所以用8'b0000_0001来代表八个led，使用移位操作符<<来控制led灯的循环亮灭。

module led_run(clk,rstn,led
);input clk;input rstn;output reg[7:0]  led;reg[25:0] counter;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)counter <= 0;else if(counter == 24999999)//else if(counter == 24999)counter <= 0;elsecounter <= counter + 1'd1;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)led <= 8'b0000_0001;else if(counter == 24999999)begin//else if(counter == 24999)beginif(led == 8'b1000_0000)led <= 8'b0000_0001;elseled <= led << 1;endelseled <= led;endmodule

仿真代码：

`timescale 1ns/1nsmodule led_run_tb();reg clk;reg rstn;wire[7:0] led;led_run led_run(.clk(clk),.rstn(rstn),.led(led));initial clk = 1;always #10 clk = !clk;initial beginrstn = 0;#201;rstn = 1;#4000000;$stop;endendmodule

仿真波形：

1.2 方法2：利用位拼接{led[6:0], led[7]}实现循环移位

设计代码

该方法应用场景不多，了解即可。

module led_run_1(clk,rstn,led
);input clk;input rstn;output reg[7:0]  led;reg[25:0] counter;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)counter <= 0;else if(counter == 24999999)//else if(counter == 24999)counter <= 0;elsecounter <= counter + 1'd1;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)led <= 8'b0000_0001;else if(counter == 24999999)begin//else if(counter == 24999)led <= {led[6:0], led[7]};elseled <= led;endmodule

1.3 方法3：调用其他模块

设计代码

思路：用计数器产生8种状态，然后再把这8种状态拿去用三八译码器译码，就刚好能够去对应点亮8个led灯。

1. 调用了底层模块3_8译码器后（3位输入[2:0]，八位输出8'b0000_0001）,顶层led_run_2的输出led的数据类型需要由reg变为wire形（或者不写wire）
2. 模块的调用与tb里的调用方式一样，做好对应端口的连接即可。

module led_run_2(clk,rstn,led
);input clk;input rstn;output wire[7:0]  led; //注意1reg[25:0] counter;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)counter <= 0;else if(counter == 24999999)//else if(counter == 24999)counter <= 0;elsecounter <= counter + 1'd1;reg[2:0] counter2;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)counter2 <= 0;else if(counter == 24999999)//else if(counter == 24999)counter2 <= counter2 + 1'd1;decoder_3_8 decoder_3_8( //注意2.a(counter2[2]),.b(counter2[1]),.c(counter2[0]),.out(led)
);endmodule

调用方法：

05. 2. 参数化设计

设计代码

1. 将24999999用参数代替，好处1是增加代码复用性与可读性。好处2是我们可以在板级验证的时候使用24999999，在写tb做调试的时候将参数改为2499，节约仿真时间

module led_run(clk,rstn,led
);parameter MCNT = 25'd24999999; //注意1input clk;input rstn;output reg[7:0]  led;reg[25:0] counter;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)counter <= 0;else if(counter == MCNT)//else if(counter == 24999)counter <= 0;elsecounter <= counter + 1'd1;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)led <= 8'b0000_0001;else if(counter == MCNT)begin//else if(counter == 24999)beginif(led == 8'b1000_0000)led <= 8'b0000_0001;elseled <= led << 1;endelseled <= led;endmodule

仿真代码

1. 写法一，修改例化后的模块参数，defparam led_run_inst.MCNT = 2499;
2. 写法二，例化前修改module，led_run里的参数

`timescale 1ns/1nsmodule led_run_tb();reg clk;reg rstn;wire[7:0] led;led_run led_run_inst(.clk(clk),.rstn(rstn),.led(led));defparam led_run_inst.MCNT = 2499; //写法一initial clk = 1;always #10 clk = !clk;initial beginrstn = 0;#201;rstn = 1;#4000000;$stop;endendmodule

`timescale 1ns/1nsmodule led_run_tb();reg clk;reg rstn;wire[7:0] led;led_run //写法二#(.MCNT(2499))led_run_inst(.clk(clk),.rstn(rstn),.led(led));initial clk = 1;always #10 clk = !clk;initial beginrstn = 0;#201;rstn = 1;#4000000;$stop;endendmodule

仿真波形

06 使用参数化的设计实现模块的重用

让八个led灯分别以不同的频率闪烁

思路：使用八个led灯闪烁模块，为了简化，我们分别以0.1s，0.2s，0.3s，0.4s让四个led闪烁。

1.设计代码

1. 先构建一个led闪烁的设计代码，再给与不同的计数参数例化4次即可

module led_run8(clk,rstn,led
);parameter MCNT = 24999999;input clk;input rstn;output led;reg[25:0] counter;reg led;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)counter <= 0;else if(counter == MCNT)counter <= 0;elsecounter <= counter + 1'd1;always@(posedge clk or negedge rstn)if(!rstn)led <= 0;else if(counter == MCNT)led <= !led;endmodule

1.  例化4个模块，使用参数化的设计实现模块的重用

module led_run8_test(clk,rstn,led
);input clk;input rstn;output wire[3:0] led;led_run8 led_run8_inst0(.clk(clk),.rstn(rstn),.led(led[0]));defparam led_run8_inst0.MCNT = 25'd2499999;led_run8 led_run8_inst1(.clk(clk),.rstn(rstn),.led(led[1]));defparam led_run8_inst1.MCNT = 25'd4999999;led_run8 led_run8_inst2(.clk(clk),.rstn(rstn),.led(led[2]));defparam led_run8_inst2.MCNT = 25'd7499999;led_run8 led_run8_inst3(.clk(clk),.rstn(rstn),.led(led[3]));defparam led_run8_inst3.MCNT = 25'd9999999;endmodule

 2.仿真代码

`timescale 1ns/1nsmodule led_run8_test_tb();reg clk;reg rstn;wire[3:0] led;led_run8_test led_run8_test_inst(.clk(clk),.rstn(rstn),.led(led));initial clk = 1;always #10 clk = !clk;initial beginrstn = 0;#201;rstn = 1;#400000000;$stop;endendmodule

 3.仿真波形

4.布置引脚（通过代码来布置引脚）

 

 

到此布置引脚就布置好了，后续生成bit流文件，打开硬件管理器之后就可以板级验证了。